A First Approach to the Calculation of Nitrogen Footprint in Lisbon, Portugal

Cordovil, C.M.d.S.; Gonçalves, Vitória; Varennes, Amarílis de; Leach, Allison M.; Galloway, James N.

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-58065-0_29

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…Rwanda and Tanzania are the only countries with a per capita protein consumption rate lower than the World Health Organization's recommended daily protein intake of 75 g day −1 adult −1 (Schönfeldt and Hall, 2012), due to low protein consumption and low rate of N fertilizer use (Elrys et al, 2021b). The per capita NF food for Rwanda, Tanzania, and SSA were much lower than that of the remaining countries due to the lowest consumption of high VNF food products such as beef (Leach et al, 2012;Pierer et al, 2014;Shibata et al, 2014;Stevens et al, 2014;Liang et al, 2016;Oita et al, 2016;Guo et al, 2017;Elrys et al, 2019bElrys et al, , 2021bCordovil et al, 2020). In all countries that estimated NF, FCNF holds the smallest share of the total per capita NF food .…”

Section: Global Comparisonsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…About 78, 79, 67% of the FCNF in the Netherlands, Austria, and Germany, respectively, are eliminated by advanced sewage treatment (Stevens et al, 2014). Only 2 and 5% of the FCNF in the United Kingdom and United States, respectively, are eliminated by modern sewage treatment (Stevens et al, 2014), and N losses during FC processes have always been higher in Portugal (Cordovil et al, 2020), this makes these countries have the highest FCNF compared to others.…”

Section: Global Comparisonsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The approach of N footprint (NF) is a useful tool to estimate the environmental impacts of N losses through the whole agro-food production chain (Leach et al, 2012;Einarsson and Cederberg, 2019). To date, the approach of NF estimation for the agro-food system has been applied worldwide, such as in China (Guo et al, 2017), Japan (Shibata et al, 2014), the United States (Leach et al, 2012), the United Kingdom (Stevens et al, 2014), Australia (Liang et al, 2016), Portugal (Cordovil et al, 2020), Egypt (Elrys et al, 2019b) and Tanzania (Hutton et al, 2017). These studies have indicated substantial variations in NF for agro-food systems across the world, and the NF per capita ranges from 7.0 kg N cap −1 yr −1 in developing countries to over 100 kg N cap −1 yr −1 in developed countries.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Estimating Nitrogen Flows and Nitrogen Footprint for Agro-Food System of Rwanda Over the Last Five Decades: Challenges and Measures

Harerimana

Zhou

Shaaban

et al. 2021

Front. Environ. Sci.

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This study presents the first detailed estimate of Rwanda’s nitrogen (N) flows and N footprint for food (NFfood) from 1961 to 2018. Low N fertilizer inputs, substandard production techniques, and inefficient agricultural management practices are focal causes of low crop yields, environmental pollution, and food insecurity. We therefore assessed the N budget, N use efficiency (NUE), virtual N factors (VNFs), soil N mining factors (SNMFs), and N footprint for the agro-food systems of Rwanda with consideration of scenarios of fertilized and unfertilized farms. The total N input to croplands increased from 14.6 kg N ha−1 yr−1 (1960s) to 34.1 kg N ha−1 yr−1 (2010–2018), while the total crop N uptake increased from 18 kg N ha−1yr−1 (1960s) to 28.2 kg N ha−1yr−1 (2010–2018), reflecting a decline of NUE from 124% (1960s) to 85% (2010–2018). Gaseous N losses of NH3, N2O, and NO increased from 0.45 (NH3), 0.03 (N2O), and 0.00 (NO) Gg N yr−1 (1960s) to 6.98 (NH3), 0.58 (N2O), and 0.10 (NO) Gg N yr−1 (2010–2018). Due to the low N inputs, SNMFs were in the range of 0.00 and 2.99 and the rice production, cash-crop production, and livestock production systems have greater SNMFs in Rwanda. The weighted NFfood per capita that presents the actual situation of fertilized and unfertilized croplands increased from 4.0 kg N cap−1 yr−1 (1960s) to 6.3 kg N cap−1 yr−1 (2010–2018). The NFfood per capita would increase from 3.5 kg N cap−1 yr−1 to 4.8 kg N cap−1 yr−1 under a scenario of all croplands without N fertilizer application and increase from 6.0 to 8.7 kg N cap−1 yr−1 under the situation of all croplands receiving N fertilizer. The per capita agro-food production accounted for approximately 58% of the national NFfood. The present study indicates that Rwanda is currently suffering from low N inputs, high soil N depletion, food insecurity, and environmental N losses. Therefore, suggesting that the implementation of N management policies of increasing agricultural N inputs and rehabilitating the degraded soils with organic amendments of human and animal waste needs to be carefully considered in Rwanda.

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Section: Global Comparisonsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Global Comparisonsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Estimating Nitrogen Flows and Nitrogen Footprint for Agro-Food System of Rwanda Over the Last Five Decades: Challenges and Measures

Harerimana

Zhou

Shaaban

et al. 2021

Front. Environ. Sci.

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Just Enough Nitrogen: Summary and Synthesis of Outcomes

Sutton

Mason

Bleeker

et al. 2020

Just Enough Nitrogen

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The nitrogen footprint of Swedish food consumption

Einarsson

Henriksson²,

Hoffman³

et al. 2022

Environ. Res. Lett.

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Food systems are major drivers of environmental and health impacts. While the emissions and other pressures causing these impacts mainly occur in primary agricultural production, the deeper causes and much of the mitigation potential are distributed throughout food systems, including dietary choices and multiple inefficiencies in the whole chain from agricultural production to consumption and waste management. An environmental indicator based on this systems perspective is the nitrogen (N) footprint, defined as the emissions of reactive N due to the consumption of an individual or other entity. Here, we present a method to estimate the N footprint of Swedish food consumption, using a detailed inventory of agricultural production, food and feed processing, food waste, waste management, and wastewater treatment. Limitations of data sources and methods are discussed in detail. The estimated Swedish food N footprint is 12.1 kg N capita-1 year-1, of which 42% is emitted in Swedish production, 38% in production abroad, 1% in consumer waste management, and 19% in wastewater treatment. Animal food products account for 81% of the food N footprint and 70% of the protein intake. Average protein intake exceeds nutritional requirements by about 60%, which suggests that at least 35% reduction of food-related reactive N emissions could be achieved through dietary change. Of the apparent food N consumption (6.9 kg N capita-1 year-1), about 22% is food waste N (1.5 kg N capita-1 year-1). We estimate that 76% of food waste N is unavoidable (bones and other parts not commonly eaten). Avoidable food waste is about 7% of the edible food supply, implying that a hypothetical complete elimination of food waste would reduce emissions by about 7%. In summary, we present a detailed method, discuss its limitations, and demonstrate possible uses of the N footprint as a complement to existing territorial and sectoral environmental indicators.

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A First Approach to the Calculation of Nitrogen Footprint in Lisbon, Portugal

Cited by 3 publications

References 4 publications

Estimating Nitrogen Flows and Nitrogen Footprint for Agro-Food System of Rwanda Over the Last Five Decades: Challenges and Measures

Estimating Nitrogen Flows and Nitrogen Footprint for Agro-Food System of Rwanda Over the Last Five Decades: Challenges and Measures

Just Enough Nitrogen: Summary and Synthesis of Outcomes

The nitrogen footprint of Swedish food consumption

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