A field simulation study of the effectiveness of penalty kick strategies in soccer: Late alterations of kick direction increase errors and reduce accuracy

Examination of gaze behaviors under in situ and video simulation task constraints reveals differences in information pickup for perception and action

“…Thus, for the sake of participant safety, the penalty taker was instructed to aim penalties to two goal locations (Figure 2), equivalent to those studied by van der Kamp (2006), rather than the bottom corners of the goal. Although slightly different from those of the other conditions, the kick locations remained representative of those recorded for world-class performance (Morya, Bigatão, Lees, & Ranvaud, 2005) and did not jeopardize comparison of gaze with the verbal and simulated movement conditions (see Oudejans et al, 1996).…”

“…Penalty kicks under all conditions were executed at a full-size goal (7.32 2.44 m), represented by a white screen (Savelsbergh et al, 2002;van der Kamp, 2006), in the same indoor Astroturfcovered training facility. Following Savelsbergh et al (2002), six target areas (0.81 1.50 m) were marked on the screen as target reference's for the penalty taker (Figure 1).…”

Informational constraints on interceptive actions of elite football goalkeepers in 1v1 dyads during competitive performance

“…In fact, previous studies in football have focused mostly on the penalty shootout and the role of visual perception using the occlusion paradigms, eye tracking technologies and virtual reality settings (Savelsbergh et al, 2010;Bakker et al, 2006;van der Kamp, 2006). In that work, decision-making and anticipation times have been examined according to a performer's ability to pick up and use information to plan for an action based upon information-processing stages.…”

Efeitos de estresse e treino na latência e acurácia de respostas motoras a estímulos visuais.

“…Yet, research has indicated that the keeperdependent strategy can only be successful if the information about the direction of the goalkeeper's dive can be picked up relatively early in the run-up. Van der Kamp (2006 see also Morya et al, 2003a) showed that if goalkeepers make their first move within approximately 400 ms prior to foot-ball contact, kickers are less likely to succeed in placing the ball to the empty half of the goal, and furthermore kick accuracy tends to be poor. In other words, penalty kickers need a minimum amount of time to be able to determine the side to which to direct the ball and accurately perform the kicking action.…”

“…(first called "closed loop") strategies (van der Kamp, 2006). In the former strategy, the penalty kicker chooses where to aim the ball before the run-up and holds to that choice during the run-up and kick.…”