A field simulation study of the effectiveness of penalty kick strategies in soccer: Late alterations of kick direction increase errors and reduce accuracy
“…Thus, for the sake of participant safety, the penalty taker was instructed to aim penalties to two goal locations (Figure 2), equivalent to those studied by van der Kamp (2006), rather than the bottom corners of the goal. Although slightly different from those of the other conditions, the kick locations remained representative of those recorded for world-class performance (Morya, Bigatão, Lees, & Ranvaud, 2005) and did not jeopardize comparison of gaze with the verbal and simulated movement conditions (see Oudejans et al, 1996).…”
Section: Videomentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Penalty kicks under all conditions were executed at a full-size goal (7.32 2.44 m), represented by a white screen (Savelsbergh et al, 2002;van der Kamp, 2006), in the same indoor Astroturfcovered training facility. Following Savelsbergh et al (2002), six target areas (0.81 1.50 m) were marked on the screen as target reference's for the penalty taker (Figure 1).…”
Gaze and movement behaviors of association football goalkeepers were compared under two video simulation conditions (i.e., verbal and joystick movement responses) and three in situ conditions (i.e., verbal, simplified body movement, and interceptive response). The results showed that the goalkeepers spent more time fixating on information from the penalty kick taker's movements than ball location for all perceptual judgment conditions involving limited movement (i.e., verbal responses, joystick movement, and simplified body movement). In contrast, an equivalent amount of time was spent fixating on the penalty taker's relative motions and the ball location for the in situ interception condition, which required the goalkeepers to attempt to make penalty saves. The data suggest that gaze and movement behaviors function differently, depending on the experimental task constraints selected for empirical investigations. These findings highlight the need for research on perceptualmotor behaviors to be conducted in representative experimental conditions to allow appropriate generalization of conclusions to performance environments.
“…Thus, for the sake of participant safety, the penalty taker was instructed to aim penalties to two goal locations (Figure 2), equivalent to those studied by van der Kamp (2006), rather than the bottom corners of the goal. Although slightly different from those of the other conditions, the kick locations remained representative of those recorded for world-class performance (Morya, Bigatão, Lees, & Ranvaud, 2005) and did not jeopardize comparison of gaze with the verbal and simulated movement conditions (see Oudejans et al, 1996).…”
Section: Videomentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Penalty kicks under all conditions were executed at a full-size goal (7.32 2.44 m), represented by a white screen (Savelsbergh et al, 2002;van der Kamp, 2006), in the same indoor Astroturfcovered training facility. Following Savelsbergh et al (2002), six target areas (0.81 1.50 m) were marked on the screen as target reference's for the penalty taker (Figure 1).…”
Gaze and movement behaviors of association football goalkeepers were compared under two video simulation conditions (i.e., verbal and joystick movement responses) and three in situ conditions (i.e., verbal, simplified body movement, and interceptive response). The results showed that the goalkeepers spent more time fixating on information from the penalty kick taker's movements than ball location for all perceptual judgment conditions involving limited movement (i.e., verbal responses, joystick movement, and simplified body movement). In contrast, an equivalent amount of time was spent fixating on the penalty taker's relative motions and the ball location for the in situ interception condition, which required the goalkeepers to attempt to make penalty saves. The data suggest that gaze and movement behaviors function differently, depending on the experimental task constraints selected for empirical investigations. These findings highlight the need for research on perceptualmotor behaviors to be conducted in representative experimental conditions to allow appropriate generalization of conclusions to performance environments.
“…In fact, previous studies in football have focused mostly on the penalty shootout and the role of visual perception using the occlusion paradigms, eye tracking technologies and virtual reality settings (Savelsbergh et al, 2010;Bakker et al, 2006;van der Kamp, 2006). In that work, decision-making and anticipation times have been examined according to a performer's ability to pick up and use information to plan for an action based upon information-processing stages.…”
{Heading: information constraints in dyad system] Word count: 4814 Keywords: ecological dynamics, informational constraints, time to contact, dyadic systems, association football, elite goalkeepers 2
AbstractThe aim of this study was to examine whether perceptual variables can provide informational constraints for the goalkeepers to intercept the ball successfully in 1v1 dyads.Video images of 42 actions (1v1 in direct shots) were selected randomly from different matches and divided into conceded goals (n=20) and saved actions (n=22) to investigate interceptive actions of 20 goalkeepers in the English Premier League in season 2013-2014.Time to Contact (TTC) of the closing distance gap between shooter and goalkeeper was obtained by digitising actions in the 18-yard penalty box. Statistical analyses revealed that, in sequences of play resulting in an intercepted shot at goal, goalkeepers closed down outfield players in the X axis, whereas when a goal was conceded, there was a significantly delayed movement by goalkeepers toward the shooters in this plane. The results of canonical correlations showed that a decreasing distance between a shooter and goalkeeper, and accompanied reduction in relative interpersonal velocity followed a temporal pattern.Findings of this study showed how perception of key informational constraints on dyadic system relations, such as TTC, interpersonal distance and relative velocity, constrain elite goalkeepers' interceptive actions, playing an important role in successful performance.3
“…Yet, research has indicated that the keeperdependent strategy can only be successful if the information about the direction of the goalkeeper's dive can be picked up relatively early in the run-up. Van der Kamp (2006 see also Morya et al, 2003a) showed that if goalkeepers make their first move within approximately 400 ms prior to foot-ball contact, kickers are less likely to succeed in placing the ball to the empty half of the goal, and furthermore kick accuracy tends to be poor. In other words, penalty kickers need a minimum amount of time to be able to determine the side to which to direct the ball and accurately perform the kicking action.…”
Section: The Kicker: Penalty Kick Strategiesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…(first called "closed loop") strategies (van der Kamp, 2006). In the former strategy, the penalty kicker chooses where to aim the ball before the run-up and holds to that choice during the run-up and kick.…”
Section: The Kicker: Penalty Kick Strategiesmentioning
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