A Field Method for Sampling Toluene in End-Exhaled Air, as a Biomarker of Occupational Exposure: Correlation with Other Exposure Indices.

Excretion of unchanged volatile organic compounds (toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene and mesitylene) in urine as result of experimental human volunteer exposure

“…This value obtained under conditions of experimental exposure at rest would correspond to about 80 g/l at the workload of 50 W (light work). This result is very close to the value of 85 g/l reported by Ghittori et al(2004), 86.9 g/l by Monster et al (1993), 78.3 g/l by Kawai et al (1996) or 69 g/l by Takeuchi et al (2002). Therefore, it seems that 80 g/l toluene(without correction) in urine samples collected at the end of exposure can be proposed as the BEI equivalent to TLV-TWA of 50 ppm (188 mg/m 3 ).…”

Feasibility the Biological Monitoring of Workers Exposed to Benzene and Toluene via Measuring the Parent Compounds in the Exhaled Breath

“…In addition, the concentrations of toluene in the workers' breathing zone and exhaled air were significantly correlated. Such a correlation between exhaled and ambient air has been reported in other studies (38).…”

Quantitative Analysis of VOCs in Exhaled Breath from Asian Volunteers: A Pilot Study

“…Among air contaminants, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are particularly of concern as they are ubiquitous and of both endogenous (produced within the human body) and exogenous (derived from outdoor and indoor sources) origins. In recent years, measurement of VOCs in exhaled breath has received considerable interest as it can reveal unique patterns among different individuals in a cohort with the relative abundance of specific organic compounds and thus serve as biomarkers for an early diagnosis of diseases such as lung cancer [7][8][9].…”

“…Human breath contains hundreds of VOCs in ppb (parts per billion (by volume)) levels that are associated with normal metabolism (e.g., ethanol, isoprene, propanone, and methanol), products of oxidative stress (e.g., propanedial and pentane), and with environmental and occupational exposures (e.g., trichloromethane and benzene) [7][8][9][10]. Measurements of specific VOCs of interest in exhaled breath would help in the development of health risk management strategies, leading to effective pollution prevention and early diagnosis for respiratory illnesses ensuring optimum lung health for Asian populations.…”