Excretion of unchanged volatile organic compounds (toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene and mesitylene) in urine as result of experimental human volunteer exposure

Janasik, Beata; Jakubowski, M.; P, Jałowiecki

doi:10.1007/s00420-007-0233-9

Cited by 39 publications

(26 citation statements)

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“…The initial blood clearance of trimethylbenzenes in man is 0.6-1 l/ hr/kg (Jarnberg et al 1996); terminal half-lives are estimated to be 78-120 h because of partitioning to adipose tissue. The initial half-life for urinary elimination of trimethylbenzenes (the aromatic constituents of these solvents) is 0.45-0.88 h, and the terminal half-life is 6.7-19.2 h (Janasik et al 2008). A comparison of the elimination curves of 1,2,4-TMB and n-decane ( Figure 4 in Hissink et al 2007) indicates that the time course for elimination of aliphatic constituents is similar to that for aromatics.…”

Section: Toxicokineticsmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Inhaled material is eliminated primarily by exhalation of volatile parent compounds (Janasik et al 2008) and urinary excretion of metabolites (Fukaya et al 1994, Ichiba et al 1992, Jarnberg et al 1997, Jarnberg et al 1997b, Jarnberg et al 1998, Kostrzeweski and Wiaderna-Brycht 1995. The initial blood clearance of trimethylbenzenes in man is 0.6-1 l/ hr/kg (Jarnberg et al 1996); terminal half-lives are estimated to be 78-120 h because of partitioning to adipose tissue.…”

Section: Toxicokineticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterization of the toxicological hazards of hydrocarbon solvents

McKee

Adenuga

Carrillo

2015

Critical Reviews in Toxicology

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Hydrocarbon solvents are liquid hydrocarbon fractions derived from petroleum processing streams, containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms, with carbon numbers ranging from approximately C5-C20 and boiling between approximately 35-370°C. Many of the hydrocarbon solvents have complex and variable compositions with constituents of 4 types, alkanes (normal paraffins, isoparaffins, and cycloparaffins) and aromatics (primarily alkylated one-and tworing species). Because of the compositional complexity, hydrocarbon solvents are now identified by a nomenclature ("the naming convention") that describes them in terms of physical/ chemical properties and compositional elements. Despite the compositional complexity, most hydrocarbon solvent constituents have similar toxicological properties, and the overall toxicological hazards can be characterized in generic terms. To facilitate hazard characterization, the solvents were divided into 9 groups (categories) of substances with similar physical and chemical properties. Hydrocarbon solvents can cause chemical pneumonitis if aspirated into the lung, and those that are volatile can cause acute CNS effects and/or ocular and respiratory irritation at exposure levels exceeding occupational recommendations. Otherwise, there are few toxicologically important effects. The exceptions, n-hexane and naphthalene, have unique toxicological properties, and those solvents containing constituents for which classification is required under the Globally Harmonized System (GHS) are differentiated by the substance names. Toxicological information from studies of representative substances was used to fulfill REACH registration requirements and to satisfy the needs of the OECD High Production Volume (HPV) initiative. As shown in the examples provided, the hazard characterization data can be used for hazard classification and for occupational exposure limit recommendations. Introduction Scope and purpose of the documentThe present document summarizes information on the physical/ chemical properties and toxicological hazards of hydrocarbon solvents and provides examples of the ways in which the information on hazard characterization can be used for hazard classification and to set occupational exposure limits. Many of the toxicological studies were published separately, but the results are summarized herein and referenced in the appendices.Hydrocarbon solvents are liquid hydrocarbon fractions that are primarily produced by the distillation of petroleum feed stocks or their synthetic analogs (e.g., Fischer-Tropsch derived materials), sometimes followed by additional processing steps such as solvent extraction, hydrodesulfurization, or hydrogenation. 1 Most hydrocarbon solvents are complex substances with variable compositions and are best described as UVCB 2 (unknown and variable composition) substances, but some are single constituent (mono-constituent) substances. The complex and variable nature of these solvents is the consequence of their manufacturing processes. In short, most hydroca...

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Section: Toxicokineticsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Toxicokineticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of the toxicological hazards of hydrocarbon solvents

McKee

Adenuga

Carrillo

2015

Critical Reviews in Toxicology

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“…The results of determinations of unchanged VOCs in urine and blood and their metabolites in urine collected from workers at both workplaces are summarized in Table 2. The data on the relationship between VOC concentrations in the air and concentrations of unchanged compounds in blood and for toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene and mesitylene varied from 0.45 h to 0.88 h for phase I and from 6.7 h to 19.2 h for phase II [2]. The data reported recently for exposure in occupational setting show that the determination of unmetabolized solvents in urine provides a highly sensitive and specific index of exposure to VOCs [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The determination of VOCs in urine is noninvasive and the excretion of unchanged VOCs integrates the first two rapid phases of elimination from blood, which simplifies the sampling strategy [2]. Moreover, the unchanged VOCs in urine are more specific biomarkers than their metabolites and the method enables simultaneous determinations of VOCs concentrations in mixtures.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The analyses were carried out on HP 6890 gas chromatograph with HP 5973 mass detector, split injector, and capillary column (HP-INNOWAX) using the method previously described by Fustinioni et al [12]. Metabolites in urine were determined by gas chromatography (Hewlett-Packard 5890 Series II Plus, GC column HP-5, 50 m × 0.32 mm × 1.05 μm) using the method described by Janasik et al [2].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Unmetabolized VOCs in urine as biomarkers of low level occupational exposure

Janasik

Jakubowski²,

Wesołowski³

et al. 2010

International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health

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Objectives: To compare the usefulness of determining unchanged forms of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), namely toluene (TOL), ethylbenzene (EB) and xylene (XYL), in urine with the effectiveness of the already used biomarkers of occupational exposure. Materials and Methods: Surveys were conducted in two workplaces (paint factory and footwear factory). In total, 65 subjects participated in the study. Air samples were collected using individual samplers during work shift. Urine and blood samples were collected at the end of work shift. Urine samples were analyzed for unchanged compounds and selected metabolites, while blood samples were tested for unchanged compounds. VOCs in blood and urine were determined by solid phase microextraction gas chromatography (SPME-GC-MS). Results: In the paint factory, the geometric mean (GM) concentrations of VOCs in the air ranged as follows: 0.2-4.7 mg/m 3 for TOL, 0.4-40.9 mg/m 3 for EB and 0.1-122.6 mg/m 3 for XYL. In the footwear factory, the GM concentration of TOL in the air amounted to 105.4 mg/m 3 . A significant correlation (p < 0.05) was observed between VOCs in blood, urine and air. The regression analyses performed for paint factory workers showed that TOL-U and TOL-B were better biomarkers of exposure (r = 0.72 and r = 0.81) than benzoic acid (r = 0.12) or o-cresol (r = 0.55). Conclusion: The findings of the study point out that the concentration of unchanged VOCs in urine can be a reliable biological indicator of low level occupational exposure to these compounds.

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Biological Monitoring of Exposure to Industrial Chemicals

Berode¹,

Droz²,

Guillemin³

2011

Patty's Industrial Hygiene

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Human biological monitoring is becoming a powerful tool for scientists and policy makers to assess and manage the risk of exposure to chemicals both in the general population and at the workplace. Absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of chemicals constitute the fundamental bases to derive relevant biomarkers. This chapter will focus on the occupational environment keeping in mind that biological monitoring in humans is a very actual issue in public health politics, in environmental medicine and in science in general.

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Excretion of unchanged volatile organic compounds (toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene and mesitylene) in urine as result of experimental human volunteer exposure

Abstract: The obtained result indicate that determining unchanged VOC's in urine can be used as an exposure test even in the ranges of VOC's in the air that are much lower than the current TWA for occupational exposure.

Cited by 39 publications

References 24 publications

Characterization of the toxicological hazards of hydrocarbon solvents

Characterization of the toxicological hazards of hydrocarbon solvents

Unmetabolized VOCs in urine as biomarkers of low level occupational exposure

Biological Monitoring of Exposure to Industrial Chemicals

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