A fatal poisoning involving 25C-NBOMe

Andreasen, Mette Findal; Telving, Rasmus; Rosendal, Ingrid; Eg, Marlene Beyer; Hasselstrøm, Jørgen B.; Andersen, Ljubica Vukelic

doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.03.012

Cited by 61 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Doses and concentrations often vary depending on the formulation of the drug, the product that contains it, and how it is applied to the mucous membranes (blotter paper, powder or crystal form). These variations in dosing and applications increase the likelihood of toxicity and fatal overdoses which are appearing anecdotally in the medical literature [8][9][10]. Although users may think that blotter paper laced with 25I-NBOMe is the safest method of ingestion, since each square is thought to contain a pre-measured amount of the drug, manufacturer variability and lack of production standards result in significant variations in drug concentrations resulting in the reports of fatal overdoses from all forms and routes of administration of 25I-NBOMe.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Toxic Leukoencephalopathy in a Teenager Caused by the Recreational Ingestion of 25I-NBOMe: A Case Report and Review of Literature

Humston¹,

Miketic²,

Moon³

et al. 2017

J Med Cases

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Over the past 5 years, the designer drug classification of illicit substances has gained the attention of law enforcement agencies, healthcare providers, and concerned parents around the world. These drugs are often marketed as safe and legal alternatives to their already banned counterparts and are easily acquired online, at "head" shops or behind the counter at local convenient stores. This new drug class includes synthetic cathinones, synthetic cannabinoids, and phenylethylamine derivatives of the 2C class of hallucinogens. Many of these drugs were created for animal research purposes only and were never intended for human consumption. As such, little is known about their pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamics, and adverse effect profile. Variability in preparation may further alter the already unpredictable safety profile. We report an otherwise healthy 16-year-old adolescent who presented to the emergency department for worsening left-sided weakness, new onset seizure activity, changes in mental status, and an overall decline in health. He self-reported the recreational ingestion of 25I-NBOMe prior to admission. Magnetic resonance imaging and a brain biopsy performed during the course of his admission confirmed the diagnosis of toxic leukoencephalopathy secondary to synthetic hallucinogenic drug use. The basic pharmacology and end-organ effects of 25I-NBOMe are reviewed, their adverse effect profile is presented, and potential anesthetic implications are postulated.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Serotonin is responsible for many functions in the body including platelet aggregation, gastrointestinal motility, vasoconstriction, bronchoconstriction, mood, appetite, wakefulness, and personality [11][12][13]. Currently, 25I-NBOMe is considered one of the most potent 5-HT 2A receptor agonists in the world [8][9][10].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxic Leukoencephalopathy in a Teenager Caused by the Recreational Ingestion of 25I-NBOMe: A Case Report and Review of Literature

Humston¹,

Miketic²,

Moon³

et al. 2017

J Med Cases

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“…Studies of 25B-NBOMe reported hallucinations, violent agitation, cardiac events and/or serotonin syndrome, and convulsions (Tang et al, 2014; Laskowski et al, 2015; Gee et al, 2016). 25C-NBOMe overdose has been associated with serotonin syndrome (Andreasen et al, 2015) and convulsions (Laskowski et al, 2015). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Locomotor and discriminative stimulus effects of four novel hallucinogens in rodents

Gatch

Dolan

Forster

2017

Behavioural Pharmacology

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There has been increasing use of novel synthetic hallucinogenic compounds, 25B-NBOMe, 25C-NBOMe, 25I-NBOMe, and 5-MeO-DALT, which have been associated with severe toxicities. These four compounds were tested for discriminative stimulus effects similar to a prototypical hallucinogen (−)-2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (DOM) and to the entactogen (±)-3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). Locomotor activity in mice was tested to obtain dose range and time course information. 25B-NBOMe, 25C-NBOMe and 25I-NBOMe decreased locomotor activity. 5-MeO-DALT dose-dependently increased locomotor activity with a peak at 10 mg/kg. A higher dose (25 mg/kg) suppressed activity. 25B-NBOMe fully substituted (≥80%) in both DOM- and MDMA-trained rats at 0.5 mg/kg. However, higher doses produced much lower levels of drug-appropriate responding in both DOM- and MDMA-trained rats. 25C-NBOMe fully substituted in DOM-trained rats, but produced only 67% drug-appropriate responding in MDMA-trained rats at doses that suppressed responding. 25I-NBOMe produced 74 to 78% drug-appropriate responding in DOM- and MDMA-trained rats at doses that suppressed responding. 5-MeO-DALT fully substituted for DOM, but produced little few or no MDMA-like effects. All of the compounds but except 25I-NBOMe produced fully substituted for DOM, whereas only 25B-NBOMe fully substituted for MDMA. However, the failure of 25I-NBOMe to fully substitute for either MDMA or DOM was more likely due to its substantial rate rate-depressant effects than to weak discriminative stimulus effects. All of the compounds are likely to attract recreational users for their hallucinogenic properties, but likely probably much less interest as substitutes for MDMA. Although no acute adverse effects were observed at the doses tested, the substantial toxicities reported in humans, coupled with the high likelihood for illicit use, suggests that these compounds have the same potential for abuse as other, currently scheduled compounds.

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“…During the last few years, more than a dozen fatalities have been reported as a result of the ingestion of NBOMes, mainly 25I-NBOMe (ACMD, 2013; Andreasen et al, 2015;Bersani et al, 2014;EMCDDA, 2014c;Kueppers and Cooke, 2015;Lowe et al, 2015;Poklis et al, 2014a;Shanks et al, 2015a;Srisuma et al, 2015; A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t 22 students died in Poland after oral ingestion of 25B-NBOMe and 4-chloromethcathinone (Wiergowski et al, 2015). Legal status of the three discussed NBOMe compounds is given in Table 2.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Next generation of novel psychoactive substances on the horizon – A complex problem to face

Zawilska

Andrzejczak

2015

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

164

123

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A fatal poisoning involving 25C-NBOMe

Cited by 61 publications

References 27 publications

Toxic Leukoencephalopathy in a Teenager Caused by the Recreational Ingestion of 25I-NBOMe: A Case Report and Review of Literature

Toxic Leukoencephalopathy in a Teenager Caused by the Recreational Ingestion of 25I-NBOMe: A Case Report and Review of Literature

Locomotor and discriminative stimulus effects of four novel hallucinogens in rodents

Next generation of novel psychoactive substances on the horizon – A complex problem to face

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