Next generation of novel psychoactive substances on the horizon – A complex problem to face

Zawilska, Jolanta B.; Andrzejczak, Dariusz

doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.09.030

Cited by 162 publications

(143 citation statements)

References 131 publications

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“…After regulatory control of popular cathinones, they have been quickly replaced by newly synthesized compounds, which include, but are not limited to, analogues of mephedrone. [82,83] 4-Fluoromethcathinone (flephedrone) was introduced in 2009 and its demand increased in 2010. All these compounds act as norepinephrine-dopamine re-uptake inhibitors in order to increase postsynaptic concentration of neurotransmitters.…”

Section: (Designer) Stimulants and Opioidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Challenges in detecting substances for equine anti‐doping

Fragkaki

Kioukia‐Fougia

Kiousi

et al. 2017

Drug Testing and Analysis

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The artificial increase of the physical capability of horses using drugs is well known in racing and other equine sports. Both illicit and therapeutic substances are regarded as prohibited substances in competition in most countries. Some countries make distinctions for a few, specific drugs which are, however, allowed for use in other countries. The primary objective in the case of doping control is the detection of any trace of drug exposure, either parent drug or any of its metabolites, using the most powerful analytical methods which are generally based on chromatographic/mass spectrometric techniques. Of major concern in horseracing is the absence of a single organization regulating the anti-doping framework; instead of this, individual racing authorities provide rules and regulations often resulting in variations in the applied doping control programmes of different countries. The aim of this paper is to review the recent literature (approximately from 2012 to mid-2016) to highlight the numerous and diverse challenges faced in doping control of racing and equestrian sports, including the detection of designer drugs (anabolic steroids or stimulants) and of other emerging prohibited substances, such as peptides and noble gases in horse urine and plasma. Moreover, the application of 'omics' techniques (especially of metabolomics) deserves attention for establishing possible fingerprints of drug abuse as well as the evolution of instrumental analysis resulting a powerful ally in the fight against doping in equine sports.

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Section: (Designer) Stimulants and Opioidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Challenges in detecting substances for equine anti‐doping

Fragkaki

Kioukia‐Fougia

Kiousi

et al. 2017

Drug Testing and Analysis

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“…First generation SCs refer mostly to JWH, HU and AM compounds. In the last years, second generation SCs have been identified, such as AB-PINACA, 5F-AB-PINACA, ADB-PINACA, AKB-48(APINACA), 5F-AKB-48 and AB-FUBINACA (Uchiyama, Kawamura, Kikura-Hanajiri & Goda, 2013;Zawilska & Andrzejczak, 2015).…”

Section: Synthetic Cannabinoidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…AH-7291 is a synthetic opioid available in the illegal market since the year 2012, which has been found in samples of a product known as Doxylam (Zawilska & Andrzejczak, 2015). Research studies in animals have proven that this substance provokes an analgesia as powerful as that induced by morphine; a lower risk than morphine to inhibit respiratory function or to provoke hypothermia seems more controverted (Coppola & Mondola, 2015).…”

Section: Synthetic Opioids: Desomorphine Ah-7291 and Mt-45mentioning

confidence: 99%

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An approach to the new psychoactive drugs phenomenon

Dolengevich-Segal

Rodríguez-Salgado

Gómez-Arnau

et al. 2017

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Background. The new psychoactive drugs (NPD) are those that represent a danger to public health and are not prohibited by conventions on international narcotics. The concept also includes new contexts and new routes of consumption as well as novel ways of distribution, notably Internet. The risks associated with NPD consumption are largely unknown to users and to health care providers. Objective. To integrate the existing evidence regarding the main NPD in terms of description, epidemiology, psychopharmacology, medical complications and psychoactive effects. Method. To review relevant and updated clinical information on NPD obtained from specialized books and indexed scientific journals (PubMed/Medline, Google Scholar, Scopus), as well as official documents edited by international organizations dedicated to the epidemiologic analysis of drug abuse and Internet websites and forums managed by psychoactive substance users. Results. Aspects of clinical and pharmacological interest are described comprehensively, together with epidemiological data and risks associated to the consumption of the most relevant NPD: synthetic cannabinoids, synthetic cathinones, NBOMe series, indoleamines, piperazines, hallucinogenic mushrooms (Psilocybe SP.), synthetic opioids, plant products (khat, kratom, Salvia divinorum, ayahuasca) and dissociative anesthetics. Discussion and conclusion. The emergence of the NPD is a phenomenon on the rise with important consequences for public health. Learning about new trends in drug consumption and its potential risks should be essential for the medical professional. New research is needed in order to understand the phenomenon of the NPD and its pharmacological, clinical and legal implications.

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“…A total of about 560 NPS are currently monitored by the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, EMCDDA [1]. For the most part, these compounds have effects which are similar to the traditional drugs, and the majority of them are known to be psycho-stimulants or synthetic cannabinoids [1,2]. However, in recent years, novel synthetic opioids have also appeared on the market.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%