“…In traditional methods, the blade is typically designed based on the analysis of the aerodynamic performance of a steam turbine under single and ideal working conditions to obtain the ideal shape, and the reliability is determined by analyzing the strength, modality and life (Dulau and Bica, 2014;Kim et al, 2013;Eleftheriou et al, 2017;Kaneko et al, 2017;Lucacci, 2017;Prabhunandan and Byregowda, 2018;Shukla and Harsha, 2015;Tanuma, 2017). However, during the operation, multiple complex loads cause the actual shape of the blade to deviate from the ideal blade shape obtained by the theoretical design (Zhu et al, 2017).…”