Mo-CPF/P1B hybrid has been prepared from molybdenum modified cardanol phenolic (Mo-CPF) and cardanol benzoxazine with phosphorus (P1B). Cardanol benzoxazine with phosphorus (P1B) has been synthesized from cardanol-allylamine-based benzoxazine (BZc-a) and DOPO (9, 10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide). Cardanol phenolic modified with molybdenum (Mo-CPF) has been synthesized by reacting cardanol-based phenolic resins (CPF) with ammonium molybdate tetrahydrate at 150 ℃, where the CPF was synthesized from cardanol and paraformaldehyde in presence of sodium hydroxide at 65 ℃. The synthesized CPF and Mo-CPF were characterized by 1 H-NMR and size exclusion chromatography (SEC). Mixed Mo-CPF with P1B, cured the mixtures at 110 ℃ for 4 hrs and got Mo-CPF/P1B hybrid. The property of Mo-CPF/P1B hybrid was investigated; the results demonstrated that mechanical and thermal properties, together with flame retardance were greatly improved. Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) measurements results indicated that CPF, Mo-CPF and Mo-CPF/P1B could all sustain a large amount of stress and the elongations at break were different. DMA measurements suggested that Tg of CPF, Mo-CPF and Mo-CPF/P1B were 98 ℃, 170 ℃ and 131 ℃ respectively. Mo-CPF/P1B exhibited better flame retardance after conjugating with molybdenum and phosphorus. TGA results suggested Mo-CPF/P1B exhibited better thermal properties. Field emission electron microscope (FE-SEM) suggested that molybdenum were randomly distributed in Mo-CPF and Mo-CPF/P1B, and EDX indicated that molybdenum and phosphorus were randomly distributed in the Mo-CPF/P1B.a bis(benzoxazine-maleimide)s was synthesized with hydroxyphenylmaleimide, paraformaldehyde and various diamines. 4-cyanophenol 7 was used to synthesis benzoxazine monomer via Mannich reaction. These materials are all petroleum-based. Long-Our measurements indicated that cured CPF resin had a broad Tg transition area ranging from 98℃ to 200℃, which may due to the complicated structures formed after the condensation between functional groups such as CH 2 OH or -OH in CPF. However, curedMo-CPF/P 1 B resin showed a step change of tan δ curve after the temperature increased to 200℃. As glass transition is normally affected by the molecular mobility of materials cooperative units, in our system, the frequency of the cooperative rearrangement of co-