A facile strategy for the preparation of polypropylene sulfide nanoparticles for hydrophobic and base‐sensitive cargo

Abstract

Polypropylene sulfide (PPS) as reactive oxygen species (ROS) responsive nanoparticles (NPs) have attained great interest for drug delivery applications in many diseases such as cancer, pulmonary, neurovascular, cardiovascular, and age-related diseases. Despite great potential of PPS NPs as a nanocarrier, it remains relatively less explored for small molecules (drug) delivery, as the current method of PPS NPs synthesis involving strong bases like sodium methoxide (NaOMe) and 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) results in breakdown of base sensitive drugs or molecules. Herein, we are reporting a facile synthesis method for PPS NPs preparation with high drug loading capacity (five times higher than the reported synthesis method) of base-sensitive cargos (Paclitaxel/Dil dye) within the PPS matrix and protection from possible breakdown of drug during synthesis. The NPs prepared via our method possess oxidative-responsive release of drug, preservation of drug bioactivity, and excellent storage stability at room temperature or 4 C. PPS NPs system demonstrate biocompatibility and drug-loaded NPs provide efficient anticancer activity against breast cancer cells. Our method of PPS NPs synthesis is suitable to prepare a delivery system with higher loading capacity of drug and small molecules for different biomedical applications.

Polypropylene sulphide coating on magnetic nanoparticles as a novel platform for excellent biocompatible, stimuli-responsive smart magnetic nanocarriers for cancer therapeutics

“…4b, which may be due to the conversion of the sulphide to sulphone. 36 These data shows that the NPs’ size was around 150 nm at normal physiological pH with a narrow PDI (0.193). However, when NPs were incubated in oxidative media at pH 7.4, the NPs swelled and degraded, which is in good agreement with the increase in their size to 250 nm with a PDI > 0.3.…”

“…PPS-coated magnetic nanoparticles (PPS-MNPs) were synthesized by anionic polymerization of propylene sulphide monomer in the presence of Pluronic F127 as surfactant and pentaerythritol tetrathioester as initiator. 36 In the typical procedure, 3 mL of Milli-Q water containing borax as base and Pluronic F127 as surfactant was prepared and purged with N 2 followed by the addition of propylene sulphide (PS) into this solution. MNPs (of size ∼16 nm) were dispersed separately in toluene and added to the above reaction mixture and sonicated for 20 min.…”

“…[31][32][33][34] Among the different polymers used in drug delivery systems, polypropylene sulphide (PPS) has been considered as most promising due to its excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability and adequate ROS-responsive behaviour. 35,36 Our hypothesis of ROS-quenching biodegradable PPS-polymer coating on MNPs to make novel magnetic nanodelivery system could be a "one for all solution" where the PPS matrix simultaneously stabilizes the MNPs with tailored physicochemical properties, provides an excellent matrix for different drug loading, improves MNP toxicity significantly by continuously quenching the ROS from MNPs in biological systems (in vitro and in vivo) and provides ROSresponsive smart release of drugs at the target site for combination chemo-hyperthermia therapy for cancer.…”

Reversal of Multidrug Resistance by the Synergistic Effect of Reversan and Hyperthermia to Potentiate the Chemotherapeutic Response of Doxorubicin in Glioblastoma and Glioblastoma Stem Cells

“…PPS-MnFe nanoparticles were prepared by the previously reported method by our group by coating magnetic nanopartilces (MNPs) with PPS polymer using the anionic polymerization emulsion method. , Shortly, MNPs prepared by the seed-mediated thermal decomposition method were dissolved in toluene (7 mg/20 μL) and further mixed with propylene sulfide (PS). The prepared solution was injected in the pluronic F127 (60 mg) and borax (16 mg) preprepared solution (3 mL) water under an inert environment.…”

Supplementation of Polymeric Reservoirs with Redox-Responsive Metallic Nanoparticles as a New Concept for the Smart Delivery of Insulin in Diabetes

“…In the drug delivery field, this terminological umbrella has encompassed materials capable of releasing their pharmaceutical loads only upon experiencing a specific physical or chemical stimulus from the environment. Common examples include materials comprising disulfide bonds cleaving in response to the reductive intracellular thiol, glutathione [ 1 , 2 ], which cancer cells contain in greater abundance than normal ones [ 3 ]; polythiols swelling due to a sulfoxide → sulfone transition promoted under oxidative stress mediated by reactive oxygen radical scavengers and releasing entrapped drugs accordingly [ 4 , 5 ]; particles binding a drug through a hydrazone bond, which is stable under neutral conditions but breaks at an acidic pH [ 6 , 7 ]; thermosensitive hydrogels undergoing sol–gel transition at a critical temperature that is the function of the monomer ratio, molecular weight and its distribution, terminal functional groups and copolymer concentration [ 8 ]; endosomal escape of the drug load achieved by the selective dissolution of calcium phosphate nanoparticles as drug carriers inside acidic lysosomes [ 9 , 10 , 11 ]; alterations in the compactness and drug binding strength of chitosan particles as a function of pH due to the protonation/deprotonation of constitutive amine groups [ 12 , 13 ]; the shape memory effect, where the material revives its prior structure after severe deformation [ 14 , 15 ]; and others.…”