A facile ratiometric electrochemical strategy for ultrasensitive monitoring HER2 using polydopamine-grafted-ferrocene/reduced graphene oxide, Au@Ag nanoshuttles and hollow Ni@PtNi yolk-shell nanocages

2D materials: increscent quantum flatland with immense potential for applications

“…Qu et al developed a ratiometric electrochemical platform for detecting ascorbic acid with excellent selectivity, high sensitivity, and good reproducibility by tailoring oxygen-containing groups on graphene [ 134 ]. Wang et al developed a ratiometric electrochemical immuno-sensor for sensitive determination of Human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 using reduced graphene oxide and polydopamine grafted ferrocene/Au@Ag nanoshuttles performing as an electrode material and a hollow Ni@PtNi yolk-shell nanocages-thionine as the signal tags, which measured distinct electrochemical signals for Fc and Thi, respectively [ 135 ]. Zhong et al used MXene on Ag nanoclusters and amino-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes composite to create a new ratiometric electrochemical sensor for the detection of carbendazim [ 136 ].…”

Heterometallic nanomaterials: activity modulation, sensing, imaging and therapy

“…47 These examples demonstrate that the optimized compositions in HMNMs provide a widespread prospect in establishment of ultra-sensitive electrochemical immunosensors. 46,47,49–52…”

“…Also, BSA is a commonly used protective molecule in various probes and sensor designs, which can prevent non-specific adsorption and improve specificity and biocompatibility accordingly. 49,64,72,73 For example, Au nanobipyramid cores with external silver nanorods were prepared, and subsequently coated with 4-mercaptobenzoicacid (4-MBA), FA and reduced bovine serum albumin (rBSA). 74 The hybrid nanoprobes had appealing specificity and biocompatibility with living gastric cancer cells (MGC-803) due to the conjugation of FA and modification of rBSA that can effectively avoid non-specific attachment of non-targeted cells.…”

Sensitive and specific clinically diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 employing a novel biosensor based on boron nitride quantum dots/flower-like gold nanostructures signal amplification

“…Electrochemical analytical devices are now in the spotlight to achieve such goals. In this context, the development of electrochemical biosensors could be an ideal scheme due to their superior selectivity and sensitivity, possibility of portability, short analysis time, and simplicity at a low cost ( Feng et al, 2021 ; Gattani et al, 2019 ; Wang et al, 2021 ). To date, electrochemical biosensors have been successfully fabricated to detect a variety of viruses such as dengue virus (DENV) ( Navakul et al, 2017 ), Ebola virus (EBV) ( Ilkhani and Farhad, 2018 ), human immune deficiency virus (HIV) ( Hu et al, 2018 ), Zika virus (ZIKV) ( Faria and Mazon, 2019 ), hepatitis A virus (HAV) ( Manzano et al, 2018 ), and most recently SARS-CoV-2 ( Farzin et al, 2021 ; Yakoh et al, 2021 ; Zhao et al, 2021 ).…”