A economia criativa e o campo étnico-quilombola: o caso Kalunga

Abstract

A postura e as práticas de cada ator do campo étnico-quilombola geram possibilidades e constrangimentos institucionais, que orientam os sentidos dos moradores da comunidade Kalunga, segundo o arbítrio de seus respectivos habitus historicamente formados, mas contornados pelos saberes acessados ao longo do desenvolvimento ontogenético. São essas redes de interdependência que serão analisadas a seguir, visando compreender como os saberes são adquiridos e reacomodados, num ambiente de lutas entre diretrizes que visam a atender as demandas racionalistas e interessadas do mercado aos moldes liberais, gerando falso reconhecimento numa perspectiva formalista de igualdade, e entre diretrizes que buscam valorizar a particularidade desses grupos, numa tentativa de gerar reconhecimento e autonomia identitária, numa perspectiva comunitarista do multiculturalismo, que habilita a economia criativa. Os embates entre essas posturas geram desafios para a gestão desse emergente setor, que serão analisados a seguir.

Ecotourism community enterprises and ethnodevelopment: modelling the Kalunga empowerment possibilities in the Brazilian savannah

“…The actions are a necessary complement to a high quality tourism development, being responsive to sustainability principles in the extent that they bring higher levels of comfort to the visitors and better quality of life to the locals, thus with a social concern. Tourism development cannot be focused only on the well-being and facility for the visitor, neither can it be solely focused on economic profits for the trade; rather it must be planned to produce social and environmental collective advantages (Sirico 2008;Almeida 2009;Marinho 2013;Lima 2014a). …”

“…Skilled human stocks are the result of systematic investments, specialization, politicization, and of knowledge transfer in key areas and themes. Community sustained development must be reasoned in terms of "human capital" formation (Sirico 2008;Marinho 2013).…”

“…This model has cyclical stages and steps which can lead the community and engaged stakeholders to (re)planning issues and, or, making changes in the managerial proceedings, as well as they can serve for building up a 'creative economy' as one emerging from within a community regarding locals' views and plans (Marinho 2013).…”

“…This can be interpreted as a means for building or reinforcing local assets that can foster 'social economy' (Molloy et al 1999;Bennett et al 2010;Johnson 2010) based on 'community learning' (Falk and Harrison 1998;Kilpatrick 2000) with a focus on entrepreneurial spirit, social enterprises, and integrated planning for community empowerment (Sofield 2003;Beeton 2006). Community Learning is often misrepresented to refer to 'learning individuals' within a certain community (Falk and Harrison 1998), but Marinho (2013) understand it as a 'group (community) learning "when all members perceive themselves as having contributed to a group outcome, and all members of the group can individually describe what the group as a system knows" (p. 250), as expressed in attitudes that demonstrate a collective capacity to produce results which matter for them (the community, the group) (Topolsky 1997). Community is defined as a group of individuals belonging to a particular geographic location with similar interests, identity, values, and social practices (Beeton 2006).…”

A Structural Equation Model (SEM) for the socio-economic impacts of ecotourism development in Malaysia

“…Again, ecotourism can able to combine people from diverse cultures, ethnicities, lifestyles, and socioeconomic conditions [ 8 ]. Moreover, ecotourism development ensures well-being for the local communities, such as maximizing the benefits for locals [ 5 , 9 ], creating opportunities in tourism planning [ 10 ], taking part in decision-making [ 11 ], environmental advantages [ 12 ], conservation of flora and fauna [ 13 ], economic benefits [ 14 ], environmental conservation [ 15 ], employment opportunities [ 16 , 17 ], improve the livelihoods [ 18 ], improve and diverse local economy [ 19 ], support homestay accommodations [ 15 , 17 ], provision of business opportunities and improve family income [ 20 ]. However, local communities were dissatisfied with the negative effects of tourism development such as illegal activities, crime, shortage of goods and services, crowding, and congestion [ 1 , 4 ].…”