A dynamic 6,000-year genetic history of Eurasia’s Eastern Steppe

Jeong, Choongwon; Wang, Ke; Wilkin, Shevan; Taylor, William; Miller, Bryan K.; Ulziibayar, Sodnom; Stahl, Raphaela; Chiovelli, Chelsea; Bemmann, Jan; Knolle, Florian; Kradin, Nikolay; Bazarov, Bilikto A.; Miyagashev, D. A.; Konovalov, Prokopiy B.; Zhambaltarova, Elena; Miller, Alicia R. Ventresca; Haak, Wolfgang; Schiffels, Stephan; Krause, Johannes; Boivin, Nicole; Myagmar, Erdene; Hendy, Jessica; Warinner, Christina

doi:10.1101/2020.03.25.008078

Cited by 13 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 75 publications

(151 reference statements)

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“…It is especially telling that the most frequent ConqE Hgs (N1a1a1a1, its derivative N1a1a1a1a and T1a1) were present in numerous commoner cemeteries. The east Eurasian N1a1a1a1 ConqE marker most likely originated from the Afanasievo or Sintashta–Tagar cultures [ 37 , 38 ], while, despite its general Eurasian range, a Mongolian Chemurchek–Uyuk–Deer stone–khirigsuur [ 39 ] origin of T1a1 in ConqE is very plausible ( Table S3c ). The close SHD distance of ConqE to Steppe EMBA and Steppe MLBA populations ( Table S5b ) implies that the Steppe EMBA affinity of ConqC, observed in Figure 4 , can also be a consequence of ConqE admixture.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal Lineages from 10–11th Century Commoner Cemeteries of the Carpathian Basin

Maár

Varga²,

Kovacs³

et al. 2021

Genes

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Nomadic groups of conquering Hungarians played a predominant role in Hungarian prehistory, but genetic data are available only from the immigrant elite strata. Most of the 10–11th century remains in the Carpathian Basin belong to common people, whose origin and relation to the immigrant elite have been widely debated. Mitogenome sequences were obtained from 202 individuals with next generation sequencing combined with hybridization capture. Median joining networks were used for phylogenetic analysis. The commoner population was compared to 87 ancient Eurasian populations with sequence-based (Fst) and haplogroup-based population genetic methods. The haplogroup composition of the commoner population markedly differs from that of the elite, and, in contrast to the elite, commoners cluster with European populations. Alongside this, detectable sub-haplogroup sharing indicates admixture between the elite and the commoners. The majority of the 10–11th century commoners most likely represent local populations of the Carpathian Basin, which admixed with the eastern immigrant groups (which included conquering Hungarians).

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal Lineages from 10–11th Century Commoner Cemeteries of the Carpathian Basin

Maár

Varga²,

Kovacs³

et al. 2021

Genes

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“…We also reanalyzed the available 37 ancient DNA of haplogroup C2a‐L1373 (Cui et al, 2020; de Barros Damgaard et al, 2018; P. Flegontov et al, 2019; Jeong et al, 2020; J. Li et al, 2018; Narasimhan et al, 2019; Ning et al, 2020; Posth et al, 2018; Sikora et al, 2019; Yu et al, 2020) (Figure 1, Figure S1, and Table S1). The 7.4,000‐year‐old NEO239 individual from Devils Gate 5 site is positive on Y‐SNP BY119182 (Sikora et al, 2019); thus belong to haplogroup C2a2‐MPB373.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Besides, the data of 37 ancient male individuals of C2a‐L1373 were also included in this study, so as to determine the accurate subbranch of these samples on the revised phylogenetic tree (Table S1). However, since the raw data is unavailable for the 19 samples from Jeong et al (2020), the subbranch of these samples was directly adopted from the reference (Jeong et al, 2020). The details of data processing and Y‐SNP calling results of ancient DNA were indicated in Supplementary text.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Post‐last glacial maximum expansion of Y‐chromosome haplogroup C2a‐L1373 in northern Asia and its implications for the origin of Native Americans

Sun

Cheng

et al. 2020

American J Phys Anthropol

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Objectives: Subbranches of Y-chromosome haplogroup C2a-L1373 are founding paternal lineages in northern Asia and Native American populations. Our objective was to investigate C2a-L1373 differentiation in northern Asia and its implications for Native American origins. Materials and Methods: Sequences of rare subbranches (n = 43) and ancient individuals (n = 37) of C2a-L1373 (including P39 and MPB373), were used to construct phylogenetic trees with age estimation by BEAST software. Results: C2a-L1373 expanded rapidly approximately 17.7,000-14.3,000 years ago (kya) after the last glacial maximum (LGM), generating numerous sublineages which became founding paternal lineages of modern northern Asian and Native American populations (C2a-P39 and C2a-MPB373). The divergence pattern supports possible initiation of differentiation in low latitude regions of northern Asia and northward diffusion after the LGM. There is a substantial gap between the divergence times of C2a-MPB373 (approximately 22.4 or 17.7 kya) and C2a-P39 (approximately 14.3 kya), indicating two possible migration waves. Discussion: We discussed the decreasing time interval of "Beringian standstill" (2.5 ky or smaller) and its reduced significance. We also discussed the multiple possibilities for the peopling of the Americas: the "Long-term Beringian standstill model," the "Short-term Beringian standstill model," and the "Multiple waves of migration model." Our results support the argument from ancient DNA analyses that the direct Jin Sun and Peng-Cheng Ma contributed equally to this study.

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“…Eastward expansion of the steppe pastoralists and their descendants gradually admixed or replaced by local indigenous steppe nomads and formed the multi-originated Scythian pastoralist tribes (Damgaard et al, 2018), as well as the later formed Xiongnu/Xianbei/Rouran/Uyghur/Turkic/Mongolic confederations. These eastern Eurasian nomadic pastoralist empires became the dominant groups and their subsequent westward migrations reshaped the genetic landscape of populations from the Eurasian steppe once again (Damgaard et al, 2018;Jeong et al, 2020). Modern Eurasian population genomic history also documented the large-scale western-eastern Eurasian admixture and massive population movement (Yunusbayev et al, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sichuan Hui mainly distributed in many areas of the northwestern, southern, northern and eastern Sichuan with a population size over 0.11 million. Here, we obtained high-density SNPs data in 49 Hui people and 60 neighboring Han individuals and made one of the most comprehensive population comparisons based on the co-analysis of genome-wide data among all available modern and ancient Eurasian reference populations (Jeong et al, 2020;Ning et al, 2020;Wang et al, 2020a;Yang et al, 2020). We aimed to solve the following two questions: I) determine the extent of genetic heterogeneity or homogeneity among geographically different Hui people or between Hui and their adjacent neighbors; II) explore the timing, admixture sources and origin of modern Hui and to validate which models (Cultural diffusion versus demic diffusion) played the key role in the formation process of modern Sichuan Hui.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Significant East Asian affinity of Chinese Hui genomic structure suggesting their predominant cultural diffusion model in the genetic formation process

Liu

Yang

Li³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Ancestral origin and genomic history of Chinese Hui people remain to be explored due to the paucity of genome-wide data. Some evidence argued that an eastward migration of Central Asian given rise to modern Hui people, which was inferred as the demic diffusion hypothesis, and others favored the cultural diffusion hypothesis that posited indigenous East Asian adopted Muslim-like culture and formed the modern culturally different populations. However, the extent to which the observed Hui’s genetic structure was mediated by the movement of people or the assimilation of Muslim culture also remains one of the most contentious puzzles. Analyses of over 700K SNPs in 109 western Chinese individuals (49 Sichuan Hui and 60 geographically close Nanchong Han) together with the available ancient and modern Eurasians allowed us to fully explore the genomic makeup and origin of Huis and neighboring Hans. The results of the traditional and formal admixture-statistics (PCA, ADMIXTURE, and allele-sharing-based f-statistics) illuminated a strong genomic affinity between Sichuan Hui and Neolithic-to-modern Northern East Asians, which suggested massive gene influx from East Asian into Sichuan Hui people. Three-way admixture models in the qpWave/qpAdm analyses further revealed a small stream of gene influx from western Eurasian related to French or Andronovo into these Hui people, which was further directly confirmed via the admixture event from the temporally different western sources to Hui people in the qpGraph-based phylogenetic model, suggesting the key role of cultural diffusion model in the genetic formation of the modern East Asian Hui. ALDER-based admixture date estimation showed that this observed western Eurasian admixture signal was introduced into East Asian Hui during the historic periods, concordant with the extensive western-eastern communication in the Silk Road and historically documented Hui’s migration history. Summarily, although significant cultural differentiation among Hui and their neighbors existed, our genomic analysis showed their strong affinity with modern and ancient Northern East Asians. Our results supported that modern Chinese Hui arose from the mixture of minor western Eurasian ancestry and predominantly East Asian ancestry.

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A dynamic 6,000-year genetic history of Eurasia’s Eastern Steppe

Cited by 13 publications

References 75 publications

Maternal Lineages from 10–11th Century Commoner Cemeteries of the Carpathian Basin

Maternal Lineages from 10–11th Century Commoner Cemeteries of the Carpathian Basin

Post‐last glacial maximum expansion of Y‐chromosome haplogroup C2a‐L1373 in northern Asia and its implications for the origin of Native Americans

Significant East Asian affinity of Chinese Hui genomic structure suggesting their predominant cultural diffusion model in the genetic formation process

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