A Dual-Channel Fluorescent Nanoprobe for Sequential Detection of ATP and Peroxynitrite to Accurately Distinguish between Normal Cells and Cancer Cells

Abstract

Cancer is one of the biggest public enemies of global health with its high morbidity and mortality. Achieving early diagnosis is the most effective means of reducing cancer harm, which requires the use of powerful tools to accurately identify biomarkers. However, most of the reported fluorescent probes for cancer diagnosis can only detect one substance, which makes it difficult to meet the requirements of high accuracy. Here, a fluorescent nanoprobe (CPQ@ZIF-90) for sequential detection of ATP and ONOO − is constructed by encapsulating the ONOO − sensitive unit CPQ within ZIF-90. CPQ@ZIF-90 first reacts with ATP to release CPQ, which greatly enhances the fluorescence at 740 nm. Then, the released CPQ continues to react with ONOO − and is oxidatively cleaved by ONOO − to form a coumarin product with a small π-conjugated structure, which significantly enhances the fluorescence at 510 nm. CPQ@ZIF-90 shows high sensitivity and selectivity for the detection of ATP and then ONOO − . Moreover, CPQ@ZIF-90 has good biocompatibility and successfully realizes the sequential detection of a dual-channel fluorescence change of ATP and ONOO − in living cells and zebrafish and accurately distinguishes normal cells from cancer cells. CPQ@ZIF-90 is expected to be a potential tool for accurate cancer diagnosis through sequential detection of two cancer markers.

Dye encapsulation and one-pot synthesis of microporous–mesoporous zeolitic imidazolate frameworks for CO2 sorption and adenosine triphosphate biosensing

“…However, we dispersed RhB@ZIF-8 in water without the need for expensive reagents such as a buffer solution of HEPES (4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazine ethane sulfonic acid) (buffer : MeOH = 9 : 1) that was used to prepare the CPQ@ZIF-90 solution. 25 Furthermore, we used only a low concentration of RhB@ZIF-8 compared to CPQ@ZIF-90 (4 mg mL −1 ). 25 Compared to other analytical methods, fluorescence spectroscopy provides several advantages including high selectivity, good sensitivity, and non-invasiveness.…”

“…25 Furthermore, we used only a low concentration of RhB@ZIF-8 compared to CPQ@ZIF-90 (4 mg mL −1 ). 25 Compared to other analytical methods, fluorescence spectroscopy provides several advantages including high selectivity, good sensitivity, and non-invasiveness. Thus, our protocol can be used for the detection of ATP in biological samples.…”

“…On the other hand, our synthesis procedure requires a short reaction time without the need for organic solvents such as methanol 34 or dimethyl formamide. 25 Our synthesis procedure for this study takes place in water. Thus, we can claim that our method is environmentally friendly.…”

“…25 Furthermore, we used only a low concentration of RhB@ZIF-8 compared to CPQ@ZIF-90 (4 mg mL −1 ). 25 Compared to other analytical methods, fluorescence spectroscopy provides several…”

“…CPQ@ZIF-90 enabled an accurate differentiation between normal and cancer cells. 25 ATP was also monitored using copper nanoclusters (CuNCs)/Al 3+ embedded into ZIF-90 (CuNCs-Al 3+ /ZIF-90). 26 The detection of ATP is important also to measure water freshness.…”