“…There are many [ 145 , 146 , 147 , 148 ] in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrating the effectiveness of hydrogels for central nervous system (CNS) regeneration. Their three-dimensional porous structure is commonly used to load and deliver drugs and growth factors (such as heparin) or they can be injected, successfully inducing bridging of post-traumatic cystic cavities in the spinal cord, as demonstrated by Hong and collaborators.…”
Section: Biomedical Applications Of Thermal-nanomaterialsmentioning
Progress in nanotechnology has enabled us to open many new fronts in biomedical research by exploiting the peculiar properties of materials at the nanoscale. The thermal sensitivity of certain materials is a highly valuable property because it can be exploited in many promising applications, such as thermo-sensitive drug or gene delivery systems, thermotherapy, thermal biosensors, imaging, and diagnosis. This review focuses on recent advances in thermo-sensitive nanomaterials of interest in biomedical applications. We provide an overview of the different kinds of thermoresponsive nanomaterials, discussing their potential and the physical mechanisms behind their thermal response. We thoroughly review their applications in biomedicine and finally discuss the current challenges and future perspectives of thermal therapies.
“…There are many [ 145 , 146 , 147 , 148 ] in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrating the effectiveness of hydrogels for central nervous system (CNS) regeneration. Their three-dimensional porous structure is commonly used to load and deliver drugs and growth factors (such as heparin) or they can be injected, successfully inducing bridging of post-traumatic cystic cavities in the spinal cord, as demonstrated by Hong and collaborators.…”
Section: Biomedical Applications Of Thermal-nanomaterialsmentioning
Progress in nanotechnology has enabled us to open many new fronts in biomedical research by exploiting the peculiar properties of materials at the nanoscale. The thermal sensitivity of certain materials is a highly valuable property because it can be exploited in many promising applications, such as thermo-sensitive drug or gene delivery systems, thermotherapy, thermal biosensors, imaging, and diagnosis. This review focuses on recent advances in thermo-sensitive nanomaterials of interest in biomedical applications. We provide an overview of the different kinds of thermoresponsive nanomaterials, discussing their potential and the physical mechanisms behind their thermal response. We thoroughly review their applications in biomedicine and finally discuss the current challenges and future perspectives of thermal therapies.
“…Behavioral improvement by significant cellular protection was observed in the study. [ 52 ] Several other examples for hydrogels based drug delivery systems (DDS) for treatment of NDs are discussed in the referred review articles. [ 53 ]…”
Section: Nps For Drug Delivery Into the Brain: Role And Advantagesmentioning
Recent times have witnessed an upsurge in the incidence of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Prion disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The treatment of the same remains a daunting challenge due to the limited access of therapeutic moieties across the blood–brain barrier. Engineered nanoparticles with a size less than 100 nm provide multifunctional abilities for solving these biomedical and pharmacological issues due to their unique physico‐chemical properties along with capability to cross the blood–brain barrier. Needless to mention, there is a scarcity of review articles summarizing recent developments of various nanomaterials including liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, metal nanoparticles, and bio‐nanoparticles toward the therapeutic and theranostics applications for various neurodegenerative disorders. Here, a broad spectrum of nanomedicinal approaches to eradicate neurodegenerative disorders is provided, along with a brief account of neuroprotection and neuronal tissue regeneration, current clinical status, issues related to safety, toxicity, challenges, and future outlook.
“…Hydrogels from a variety of sources, both natural and synthetic, have shown to successfully deliver trophic factors to the brain in a site-specific, controlled and sustained manner (Chierchia et al, 2017;Fon et al, 2014;Li et al, 2016). Further to the enhanced delivery of GDNF in injectable hydrogels (Fon et al, 2014), many approaches have investigated the use of hollow microparticles to achieve sustained GDNF release from a single administration (Agbay, Mohtaram, & Willerth, 2014;Garbayo et al, 2016;García-Caballero et al, 2017;Lampe, Kern, Mahoney, & Bjugstad, 2011).…”
Section: F I G U R E 1 Therapeutic Concept Of Biomaterials For Brain mentioning
The dopamine precursor, levodopa, remains the "gold standard" treatment for Parkinson's disease, and, although it provides superlative efficacy in the early stages of the disease, its long-term use is limited by the development of severe motor side effects and a significant abating of therapeutic efficacy. Therefore, there remains a major unmet clinical need for the development of effective neuroprotective, neurorestorative or neuroreparatory therapies for this condition. The relatively selective loss of dopaminergic neurons from the nigrostriatal pathway makes Parkinson's disease an ideal candidate for reparative cell therapies, wherein the dopaminergic neurons that are lost in the condition are replaced through direct cell transplantation into the brain. To date, this approach has been developed, validated and clinically assessed using dopamine neuron-rich foetal ventral mesencephalon grafts which have been shown to survive and reinnervate the denervated brain after transplantation, and to restore motor function. However, despite long-term symptomatic relief in some patients, significant limitations, including poor graft survival and the impact this has on the number of foetal donors required, have prevented this therapy being more widely adopted as a restorative approach for Parkinson's disease. Injectable biomaterial scaffolds have the potential to improve the delivery, engraftment and survival of these grafts in the brain through provision of a supportive microenvironment for cell adhesion, growth and immune shielding. This article will briefly review the development of primary cell therapies for brain repair in Parkinson's disease and will consider the emerging literature which highlights the potential of using injectable biomaterial hydrogels in this context.
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