“…The approach was proposed by Paul Drude in 1900 26 as a simple way to describe the dispersive properties of materials and introduced into CHARMM (Chemistry at HARvard Molecular Mechanics) back in 2003. 22,27 Ever since, force field parameters based on Drude oscillator models have been developed for water, 22,28 alkanes, 29 alcohols, 30 ethers, 31 amides, 32 aromatics, 33 nitrogen-containing heteroaromatics, 34 sulfur-containing compounds, 35,36 and ions. 37,38 Those for biomolecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and carbohydrates, 39 are under active development.…”