A diffusion analysis of refined lignin sulfonic acid

Olleman, E. D.; Pennington, Derrol; Ritter, D. M.

doi:10.1016/0095-8522(48)90027-0

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The results reveal that lignosulfonate has characteristics of “soft” colloidal particles. Our study extends earlier work – in which a similar morphology has been suggested for lignosulfonate particles. Browning reported brief viscosity measurements of lignosulfonates.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Therefore, the modeling results suggest that the particles have an oblate shape with an average axial ratio of about 3.5. This axial ratio is of the same order of magnitude as the shape factor 4.6 determined by Olleman et al 16 from viscosity measurements. Additional SAXS analysis that supports the interpretation of a flat particle shape is given in the Supporting Information.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

“…Moacanin et al assumed a nonspherical shape on the basis of the relation between molecular weight and diffusion coefficient. A similar shape was suggested by Olleman et al based upon viscosity measurements. Goring et al used electron microscopy to visualize individual particles.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 87%

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Small-Angle X-ray Scattering and Rheological Characterization of Aqueous Lignosulfonate Solutions

2008

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Lignosulfonate is a colloidal polyelectrolyte widely used as a dispersant in various industrial applications and produced during chemical pulping of wood chips. Here we present a systematic small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and rheological study of fractionated lignosulfonate (mass weighted molar mass M w 18 000 g/mol) dissolved in water and 0.2 M NaCl. The concentration range varied from semidilute to concentrated regime. SAXS intensity of all solutions followed the Porod law at all concentrations, which is a clear indication of a compact shape of the lignosulfonate particle. In water, below 10 mass % lignosulfonate, the average interparticle distance obtained from SAXS patterns relates to concentration via a power law with exponent -0.28. Deviation of the power law exponent from ideal -0.33 and a linear decrease in volume fraction normalized Porod constant as a function of concentration are taken as indications of self-association of lignosulfonate. In saline solutions at high lignosulfonate mass fractions the average distance between lignosulfonate particles was longer and the average particle size was larger than those in aqueous solutions. The intrinsic viscosity in saline solution also was larger than that in aqueous solution. Lignosulfonate solutions showed Newtonian viscosity, except at very high concentrations. The variation of the relative zero-shear viscosity eta(0),r) with concentration was interpreted with the Krieger-Dougherty equation. An oblate spheroid shape with an axial ratio of 3.5 describes the average shape of the lignosulfonate particles in saline solutions based on SAXS intensities, the size distribution obtained using gel permeation chromatography, and rheological characterization. The largest dimension of the particles was about 8 nm. SAXS and rheology studies as a function of temperature reveal indications of temperature-dependent self-association.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

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Small-Angle X-ray Scattering and Rheological Characterization of Aqueous Lignosulfonate Solutions

2008

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“…Various methods of separating ligninsulphonates from the other constituents have been used (2,14) including precipitation, dialysis, and ion exchange. Attempts have also been made t o fractionate the highly polydisperse ligninsulphonates according t o their molecular weights by fractional dialysis (6,32), fractional extraction of the free acids by propanol (31), fractional precipitation of the barium salts by ethanol (23) or acetone (25), countercurrent butanol extraction of free acids and amine salts in water (22), differential sorption on swollen ion-exchange resins (18), and fractionation by the different solubilities of various amine salts (4,5,19,25).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physicochemical Studies of Ligninsulphonates: I. Preparation and Properties of Fractionated Samples

Gardon¹,

Mason²

1955

Can. J. Chem.

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High molecular weight lignins~~lphonates were separated from other constituents of spent sulphite liquor by a method of dialysis allolving c o n t i n~~o u s removal of the dialyzates and their replacement by distilled water. The process was controlled by continuous analysis of the residue and dialyzate. The lower molecular weight ligninsulphonates in the dialyzates were separated from the carbohvdrates bv precipitating their barium salts with ethanol: four fractions correspbnding to differkt times of dialysis were prepared in this manner. The ligninsulphonates in the dialyzed liquor mere separated into four additional fractions by ultrafiltration through membranes of different pore sizes. The methoxyl, sulphur, and phenolic hydrosyl contents, neutralizatior~ equivalent weights, reducing powers, ultraviolet absorption spectra, diffusion coefficients, and number-average molecular weights of the eight fractions were determined.The molecular weights of the fractions range from 3700 to 58,000 but the integral molecular weight distribution curve indicates the presence of ligninsulphonates with molecular weights as high as 100,000.

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Chemistry and Structure of Lignin

Akpan

2019

Sustainable Lignin for Carbon Fibers: Principles, Techniques, and Applications

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A diffusion analysis of refined lignin sulfonic acid

Cited by 8 publications

References 12 publications

Small-Angle X-ray Scattering and Rheological Characterization of Aqueous Lignosulfonate Solutions

Small-Angle X-ray Scattering and Rheological Characterization of Aqueous Lignosulfonate Solutions

Physicochemical Studies of Ligninsulphonates: I. Preparation and Properties of Fractionated Samples

Chemistry and Structure of Lignin

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