Recently, novel C 5 -position-unprotected mesoionic N-heterocyclic olefins (mNHOs) demonstrated interesting reactivity with various Lewis acids during experiments. In this work, extensive DFT calculations show that the isomerization of such mNHOs to more Lewis-basic mesoionic carbenes (MICs) can be efficiently catalyzed by weakly protic acidic species including C 5 -unprotected mNHOs, their Lewis adducts and polar H 2 O molecules, thus enabling catalytic isomerization and H-isotope exchange of such mNHOs and their Lewis adducts.