“…In these studies, different models have been developed based on the latest technologies and building on previous work to statistically minimise errors. Multilevel approaches adopted in these models can be grouped into predictive regression (Anıl, 2009;Gülleroğlu, Bilican Demir, and Demirtaşlı, 2014;Thorpe, 2006;Tomul and Çelik, 2009;Xu, 2006;Yıldırım, 2009), structural equation (Akyüz and Pala, 2010;Anıl, 2008;Özer and Anıl, 2011;Usta and Çıkrıkçı-Demirtaşlı, 2014), and hierarchical linear models (Akyüz, 2014;Atar, 2014;Atar and Atar, 2012;Geske et al, 2006;Tavşancıl and Yalçın, 2015). However, in the literature, there are only a limited number of studies which have evaluated student achievement as a latent variable and analysed it based on patterns identified in variables by creating homogenous sub-classes (Finch and Marchant, 2013;Lin and Tai, 2015).…”