A Detailed Insight of the Anti-inflammatory Effects of Curcumin with the Assessment of Parameters, Sources of ROS and Associated Mechanisms

Abstract

Background: Curcumin is an active constituent of Curcuma longa, which belongs to Zingiberaceae family. It is derived from the Rhizome of a perennial plant having molecular formula C21H20O6 and chemically it is (1, 7- bis (4- hydroxy - 3 methoxyphenyl) -1, 6 - heptadine - 3, 5 - diene), also known as diferuloylmethane. Curcumin has been extensively used as a herbal constituent for curing several diseases and is scientifically proven to show major effects as an anti-inflammatory agent. Objective: Inflammation is an important factor for numerous diseases including diabetes neuropathy, cancer, asthma, arthritis, and other diseases. Prophylaxis of inflammatory diseases through synthetic medications tends to have major toxicity and side effects on a large number of population. The foremost aim of this review paper is to assess the natural anti-inflammatory effect of curcumin, source, and mechanism of action, potential therapeutic effect and models associated. Additionally, this paper aims to scrutinize inflammation, sources of reactive oxygen species, and pathways of reactive oxygen species generation and potential side effects of curcumin. Methods: Selection of data has been done by studying the combination of research and review papers from different databases like PubMed, Medline and Web of science from the year 1985- 2018 by using search keywords like “curcumin”, “anti-inflammatory”, “ROS”, “Curcuma longa”, “medicinal uses of curcumin”, “assessing parameters”, “inflammation”, “anti-oxidant” Results: On the basis of our interpretation, we have concluded that curcumin has potential therapeutic effects in different inflammatory diseases, it inhibits the inflammatory mediators, oxidation processes, and oxidative stress and has no severe toxicity on animals and humans. Conclusion: Oxidative stress is a major cause of inflammation and curcumin has a good potential for blocking it. Curcumin is also easily accessible herbal source and should be consumed in the form of food, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory agents and further observation should be done on its therapeutic parameters, risk factors, and toxicity studies and oral viability.

Antidiabetic Properties of Curcumin I: Evidence from In Vitro Studies

“…Nutrients 2020, 12, 118 25 of 32 oxidative stress. In addition, gluconeogenesis was reduced, while glucokinase activity and glucose-6-phosphate levels were increased with curcumin treatment.…”

“…Curcumin has the potential to attenuate inflammatory and oxidative stress diseases through increased antioxidant activities. A systematic and meta-analysis review by Wal et al (2019) [118], found that curcumin blocked the oxidation process in mitochondria and reduced ROS and cytokine production and increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes [118]. Although increased antioxidant intake, such as curcumin, has been traditionally thought to result in increased health [118][119][120], this concept has been recently challenged [121,122].…”

“…A systematic and meta-analysis review by Wal et al (2019) [118], found that curcumin blocked the oxidation process in mitochondria and reduced ROS and cytokine production and increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes [118]. Although increased antioxidant intake, such as curcumin, has been traditionally thought to result in increased health [118][119][120], this concept has been recently challenged [121,122]. In the review by Halliwell (2013) [121], administration of large doses of dietary antioxidants to humans with oxidative diseases had little to no preventative or therapeutic effects.…”

Chronic Inflammatory Diseases, Anti-Inflammatory Agents and Their Delivery Nanosystems

“…Its weaknesses are low water solubility, low absorption from the gastrointestinal tract, poor stability in body fluids, rapid metabolism, and rapid clearance. For these reasons, its therapeutic use in medicine is limited, but great efforts have been made for a long time to investigate suitable usable nanoformulations [ 153 , 154 , 155 ]. Due to the huge number of such described nanoformulations (e.g., Figure 5 ), the overview of which would require a separate paper, only a few reviews or recently published important articles are listed here [ 78 , 156 , 157 , 158 , 159 , 160 , 161 , 162 , 163 , 164 ].…”

Protective effects of curcumin on chromatin quality, sperm parameters, and apoptosis following testicular torsion-detorsion in mice

“…In fact, the rhizome of the C. longa Linn plant contains curcumin. The role of curcumin as a free radical scavenger has been demonstrated in numerous studies [ 14 , 15 ]. Particularly in the testicular tissue, it can constrain the generation of ROS and nitric oxide in macrophages [ 16 ].…”