A design principle for floral organ number and arrangement in flowers with bilateral symmetry

Nakagawa, Aiko; Kitazawa, Miho S.; Fujimoto, Koichi

doi:10.1242/dev.182907

Cited by 24 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 65 publications

(83 reference statements)

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“…The expression patterns of genes can be different between the terminal and lateral flowers, depending on distinct genetic regulation between the terminal and lateral flowers (Rudall and Bateman 2003 ), or whether they have an inflorescence meristem to provide positional information. Such positional information, either physical or chemical, can cause differences in floral organ positioning (Nakagawa et al 2020 ). A variation in floral phyllotaxis can be generated not only in the initiation of primordia but also after the initiation.…”

Section: Floral Phyllotaxis and Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developmental stochasticity and variation in floral phyllotaxis

Kitazawa

2021

J Plant Res

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Floral phyllotaxis is a relatively robust phenotype; trimerous and pentamerous arrangements are widely observed in monocots and core eudicots. Conversely, it also shows variability in some angiosperm clades such as ‘ANA’ grade (Amborellales, Nymphaeales, and Austrobaileyales), magnoliids, and Ranunculales. Regardless of the phylogenetic relationship, however, phyllotactic pattern formation appears to be a common process. What are the causes of the variability in floral phyllotaxis and how has the variation of floral phyllotaxis contributed to floral diversity? In this review, I summarize recent progress in studies on two related fields to develop answers to these questions. First, it is known that molecular and cellular stochasticity are inevitably found in biological systems, including plant development. Organisms deal with molecular stochasticity in several ways, such as dampening noise through gene networks or maintaining function through cellular redundancy. Recent studies on molecular and cellular stochasticity suggest that stochasticity is not always detrimental to plants and that it is also essential in development. Second, studies on vegetative and inflorescence phyllotaxis have shown that plants often exhibit variability and flexibility in phenotypes. Three types of phyllotaxis variations are observed, namely, fluctuation around the mean, transition between regular patterns, and a transient irregular organ arrangement called permutation. Computer models have demonstrated that stochasticity in the phyllotactic pattern formation plays a role in pattern transitions and irregularities. Variations are also found in the number and positioning of floral organs, although it is not known whether such variations provide any functional advantages. Two ways of diversification may be involved in angiosperm floral evolution: precise regulation of organ position and identity that leads to further specialization of organs and organ redundancy that leads to flexibility in floral phyllotaxis.

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Section: Floral Phyllotaxis and Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developmental stochasticity and variation in floral phyllotaxis

Kitazawa

2021

J Plant Res

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“…Robayo et al (2020) pointed out that the calyx of Loranthaceae degenerated in the evolutionary history of the family. In addition, Nakagawa et al (2020) demonstrated that the dorsal-to-ventral inhibitions and the floral stem cell region (meristem) determine the number and position of the sepals. Based on our previous hybridization analysis, we hypothesize that hybridization events may cause sepals to decrease in number throughout the process of evolution.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nuclear and plastid phylogenomic analyses provide insights into the reticulate evolution, species delimitation and biogeography of the Sino-Japanese disjunctive Diabelia (Caprifoliaceae)

Ke¹,

Morales‐Briones

Wang

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Disjunctive distribution patterns and drivers of the Sino-Japanese flora in East Asia have attracted much attention in the past decades, which is also served as an important glacial sanctuary during the quaternary glacial period. However, few studies have focused on the phylogeography, diversification and evolution of morphological character at the genus level with both nuclear and plastid data. Diabelia (Caprifoliaceae) is an East Asian genus, with a disjunctive distribution across China, Japan and Korea, serving as an ideal group to explore the mechanism of East Asian flora speciation and diversification. However, the phylogenetic relationships among Diabelia remain elusive and species delimitation within the genus (three species or four species) are still controversial. In this study, we reconstructed the phylogenetic relationships among Diabelia based on nuclear and cpDNA by using target enrichment and genome skimming approaches, respectively. We found that the main clades within Diabelia were discordant between nuclear and plastid genome trees. Both nuclear and plastid phylogenetic analyses supported five main clades: D. serrata, D. tetrasepala, D. spathulata var. sanguinea, D. spathulata var. stenophylla and D. spathulata var. spathulata. Diabelia tetrasepala was inferred to be the result of a hybridization event from the species network analyses. The result of divergence time estimation and ancestral area reconstruction showed that Diabelia originated in Japan during the early Miocene, with subsequent gene flow between China, Japan and Korea. Overall, our results support the division of Diabelia into five main clades and this research provides new insights for the speciation process and taxonomy within Diabelia.

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“…The proposed method of identifying approximate symmetries can be applied to biological objects which can exhibit a variety of symmetry properties, for instance, objects which possess a left/right or anterior/posterior symmetry. This type of symmetry is called bilateral symmetry, where an object produces two mirror image halves when divided along an axis [ 42 ]. For this reason, bilateral symmetry is also called reflection or mirror symmetry.…”

Section: Bilateral Symmetrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of approximate symmetries in biological development

Gandhi

Ciocanel

Niklas

et al. 2021

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A.

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Virtually all forms of life, from single-cell eukaryotes to complex, highly differentiated multicellular organisms, exhibit a property referred to as symmetry. However, precise measures of symmetry are often difficult to formulate and apply in a meaningful way to biological systems, where symmetries and asymmetries can be dynamic and transient, or be visually apparent but not reliably quantifiable using standard measures from mathematics and physics. Here, we present and illustrate a novel measure that draws on concepts from information theory to quantify the degree of symmetry, enabling the identification of approximate symmetries that may be present in a pattern or a biological image. We apply the measure to rotation, reflection and translation symmetries in patterns produced by a Turing model, as well as natural objects (algae, flowers and leaves). This method of symmetry quantification is unbiased and rigorous, and requires minimal manual processing compared to alternative measures. The proposed method is therefore a useful tool for comparison and identification of symmetries in biological systems, with potential future applications to symmetries that arise during development, as observed in vivo or as produced by mathematical models. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Recent progress and open frontiers in Turing’s theory of morphogenesis’.

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A design principle for floral organ number and arrangement in flowers with bilateral symmetry

Cited by 24 publications

References 65 publications

Developmental stochasticity and variation in floral phyllotaxis

Developmental stochasticity and variation in floral phyllotaxis

Nuclear and plastid phylogenomic analyses provide insights into the reticulate evolution, species delimitation and biogeography of the Sino-Japanese disjunctive Diabelia (Caprifoliaceae)

Identification of approximate symmetries in biological development

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