“…In particular we highlight patterns "outside" Fibonacci patterns and the evolutionary origins of phyllotaxis. Three review articles discussing general aspects (Yin 2021), stochasticities (Kitazawa 2021), and symmetries (Yonekura and Sugiyama 2021); and three original research articles focusing on pattern regeneration (Zhang et al 2021b), a new system for studying phyllotactic transitions (Zagórska-Marek et al 2021), and the origin of phyllotaxis (Kamamoto et al 2021), are included in this special issue.…”