A Design for Performance Improvement of Clock Synchronization in WSNs Using a TDMA-Based MAC Protocol

A model for the classification and survey of clock synchronization protocols in WSNs

“…The authors have also shown that the improved protocols converge much faster than the original protocols. Besides, in [66], it is also shown that the synchronization error and the energy consumption of these protocols can be further reduced using a TDMA-based MAC protocol in each round.…”

Improving the Energy Efficiency of a Clock Synchronization Protocol for WSNs Using a TDMA-Based MAC Protocol

“…Guard band is defined for each transmission slot depending on the synchronization level. Using this approach, the duration of synchronization phase in the modified IWICS protocol given in [1] could be reduced to 10 seconds from 16 seconds in the original IWICS protocol [7]. Besides, there was also a slight improvement in the synchronization accuracy.…”

“…Besides almost all the clock synchronization protocols utilize CSMA-based medium access (MAC) protocols to access the channel. It is only recently that a way to utilize TDMA-based MAC protocols for clock synchronization protocols has been suggested in [1]. Recent surveys on the classification of clock synchronization protocols are given in [2] and [3].…”

“…The design idea proposed in [1] uses TDMA-based channel access to deal with the first problem and incorporates the concept into WICS and IWICS protocol. The concept can be integrated into IEFCS and IWECS protocol as well.…”

“…Besides, there was also a slight improvement in the synchronization accuracy. However, the protocol in [1] continues to use the same pullback technique that was used in the IWICS protocol. This pullback technique gives rise to the second problem as discussed before.…”