A model for the classification and survey of clock synchronization protocols in WSNs

Swain, Amulya Ratna; Hansdah, R. C.

doi:10.1016/j.adhoc.2014.11.021

Cited by 61 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 68 publications

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“…Established synchronization algorithms include Reference Broadcast Synchronization (RBS), Timing-Sync Protocol for Sensor Networks (TPSN) and Tiny Sync [1]. Important considerations include whether a scheme is peer-to-peer or broadcast based, suited to a stationary or mobile network, and synchronous or asynchronous [4]. A synchronization scheme may be suited to a multi-hop network topology and can be assessed by its scalability and power efficiency.…”

Section: Introduction and Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

DiStiNCT: Synchronizing Nodes With Imprecise Timers in Distributed Wireless Sensor Networks

Boyle

Reeve

Weddell

2017

IEEE Trans. Ind. Inf.

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Abstract-An effective and robust time synchronization scheme is essential for many wireless sensor network (WSN) applications. Conventional synchronization methods assume the use of highly accurate crystal oscillators (10-100 ppm) for synchronization, only correcting for small errors. This paper suggests a novel method for time synchronization in a multi-hop, fully-distributed WSN using imprecise CMOS oscillators (up to 15,000 ppm). The DiStiNCT technique is power-efficient, computationally simple, and robust to packet loss and complex topologies. Effectiveness has been demonstrated in simulations of fully connected, grid and uni-directional ring topologies. The method has been validated in hardware on a grid of nine sensor nodes, synchronizing to within a mean error of 6.6 ms after 40 iterations.

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Section: Introduction and Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

DiStiNCT: Synchronizing Nodes With Imprecise Timers in Distributed Wireless Sensor Networks

Boyle

Reeve

Weddell

2017

IEEE Trans. Ind. Inf.

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“…It is only recently that a way to utilize TDMA-based MAC protocols for clock synchronization protocols has been suggested in [1]. Recent surveys on the classification of clock synchronization protocols are given in [2] and [3]. Since we are interested to reduce energy consumption of a clock synchronization protocol by reducing its synchronization phase, in the following we consider a few clock synchronization protocols which are formulated in terms of synchronization phase and synchronization interval.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving the Energy Efficiency of a Clock Synchronization Protocol for WSNs Using a TDMA-Based MAC Protocol

Watwe

Hansdah

2015

2015 IEEE 29th International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications

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Clock synchronization protocols in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) provide a uniform notion of time which is required by both system as well as application level programs of WSNs. Since nodes have limited energy, it is required that the energy consumed by the clock synchronization protocols is as minimum as possible. Synchronous clock synchronization protocols execute their clock synchronization process at each node, roughly during the same real-time interval, called synchronization phase. The energy consumed by these protocols depends on the duration of the synchronization phase and how frequently the synchronization phase is executed. Hence, to minimize the energy consumption by each node, the duration of synchronization phase should be as small as possible, and the interval between consecutive synchronization phases as large as possible. Due to different drift rates of the clocks, the synchronization phases at different nodes drift apart and special techniques are required to keep them in sync. Keeping synchronization phases at neighbouring nodes in sync helps to reduce the synchronization phase. In this paper, we propose a novel technique using TDMA-based MAC protocol to keep the synchronization phases at neighbouring nodes in sync much more tightly than the existing techniques. We have applied the technique in the improved weighted-average based clock synchronization (IWICS) protocol to reduce the synchronization phase considerably and the modified TDMAbased IWICS protocol is named TIWICS protocol. This reduction in energy consumption is achieved without reducing the synchronization accuracy. Simulation results obtained using Castalia network simulator and the experimental results obtained using a testbed of WSN consisting of a few TelosB motes confirm the effectiveness of the approach.

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“…It is important for protocols to prolong the synchronization intervals to save more energy [15,[17][18][19] as multiple messages will be exchanged during each round of synchronization. Therefore, the subclasses of this class are known as short term (those protocols only compensate offset) and long term (those protocols compensate drift as well as an offset).…”

Section: Classification Criteria and Evaluation Metricsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(iii) Scalability describes the behavior of the protocol if number of hops are increased in the network [19,[27][28][29]. In this review, the accuracy of single-hop and multihop scenarios is normally compared.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Message Passing Based Time Synchronization in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey

Sarvghadi

Wan

2016

International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks

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Various protocols have been proposed in the area of wireless sensor networks in order to achieve network-wide time synchronization. A large number of proposed protocols in the literature employ a message passing mechanism to make sensor node clocks tick in unison. In this paper, we first classify Message Passing based Time Synchronization (MPTS) protocols and then analyze them based on different metrics. The classification is based on the following three criteria: structure formation of the network affected by the synchronization protocol, frequency of synchronization process (synchronization interval), and synchronization message overhead. Proposed protocols are analyzed and evaluated from different perspectives based on available data. A comparison table of the reviewed protocols is presented according to the evaluation metrics. Finally, some potential methods will be proposed to improve the synchronization process.

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A model for the classification and survey of clock synchronization protocols in WSNs

Cited by 61 publications

References 68 publications

DiStiNCT: Synchronizing Nodes With Imprecise Timers in Distributed Wireless Sensor Networks

DiStiNCT: Synchronizing Nodes With Imprecise Timers in Distributed Wireless Sensor Networks

Improving the Energy Efficiency of a Clock Synchronization Protocol for WSNs Using a TDMA-Based MAC Protocol

Message Passing Based Time Synchronization in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey

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