A Description of Three-Dimensional Shape of the Posterior Torso Comparing Those with and without Scoliosis

Gardner, Adrian; Berryman, Fiona; Pynsent, Paul

doi:10.3390/sym11020211

Cited by 6 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 19 publications

(40 reference statements)

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“…In the cohort without abnormal surface topography, the prominence is invariably caused by the inferior pole of the scapula. In AIS, the most prominent points are also caused by the scapula although, as previously noted (Gardner et al, 2019), the scapula is a large flat bone with only one articulation with the axial skeleton, at the acromioclavicular joint, allowing both rotation and tilt of the scapula. Either AIS leads to a change in position and/or a change in orientation of the scapula relative to the thoracic cage, caused by the change in the underlying rib shape.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…The cohorts with AIS and SK were identified from ISIS2 images taken as part of routine care which were reviewed, again as part of an ethically approved study (NRES Committee East Midlands -Northampton 15/EM/0283). Parts of these data sets have been reported previously (Gardner et al, 2017a(Gardner et al, , 2017b(Gardner et al, , 2019.…”

Section: Me Thodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Surface topography imaging techniques can create a 3D surface of the back and torso for analysis. The Integrated Shape Imaging System (ISIS2; Berryman et al, 2008) has been used to research the shape of the spine and posterior torso previously (Gardner et al, 2017a(Gardner et al, , 2017b(Gardner et al, , 2019. A feature of the ISIS2 system is the automatic identification of the 3D location of the 'most prominent points'.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These are the two points on the posterior torso, that are the most distant from the coronal plane through the body. Changes in the shape of the posterior torso will change the position of these most prominent points (Gardner et al, 2019). This paper uses the 3D location data of the most prominent points from a cohort of individuals without abnormal surface topography, a cohort with AIS and a cohort with SK.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The variability in location of the most prominent points on the posterior torso of those without abnormal surface topography, those with Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis and those with Scheuermann's Kyphosis: a seven year longitudinal analysis

et al. 2020

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The correction of adolescent scoliosis involves the recreation of torso symmetry. A symmetrical torso has equivalent areas of shape on either side of the midline. The posterior torso has two areas of prominence, known as the 'most prominent points' on either side of the midline which can be used as reference points to measure symmetry of the posterior torso. This study used the three-dimensional (3D) coordinates of the most prominent points, measured using ISIS2 surface topography and standardised by torso size, in children without abnormal surface topography, with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) (right thoracic curves) and with Scheuermann's kyphosis (SK).The purpose was to demonstrate the variability of the position of the points in these three groups. The variability of the 3D coordinates was calculated for each group (mean, standard deviation and range in millimetres) and the standardised data were illustrated using 3D 95% confidence interval ellipsoids. In those without deformity, the position of the left and right point was mirrored with little difference. The AIS group showed a difference between the left and right points, with the right becoming further from the midline and more prominent than the left but with the left becoming more superior than the right. For the SK cohort, both left and right points moved inwards towards the midline and became more prominent. Linear mixed effect modelling was used to examine the contribution of age, kyphosis and scoliosis to the position of the most prominent points. In the cohort without abnormal surface topography, the x parameter increases with the covariates of age and kyphosis, with the covariate of age likely reflecting torso growth. The left side becomes more prominent and inferior compared to the right. In the AIS cohort, age follows the cohort without abnormal surface topography. This is added to by the scoliosis which is observed to make the right side more lateral, less inferior and more prominent, whereas the left becomes more medial, less inferior and less prominent. Kyphosis in the AIS cohort leads to the right point becoming more lateral, less inferior and less prominent whereas in the left becomes more lateral, more inferior and more prominent. In the SK cohort, the effects of the covariates of age and kyphosis are not clear reflecting the small number of cases with more than one surface topography image over time. | 1245GARDNER Et Al. | INTRODUC TI ONAdolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a three-dimensional (3D) deformity of the spine and torso (Stokes, 1994). One of the presenting features of AIS is the asymmetric prominence of the back, known as the rib hump and this is best seen on clinical examination in the Adams' forward bend position (Adams, 1865). These prominences will capture the attention of the observer if large or asym-

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Section: Me Thodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The variability in location of the most prominent points on the posterior torso of those without abnormal surface topography, those with Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis and those with Scheuermann's Kyphosis: a seven year longitudinal analysis

et al. 2020

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“…It is a radiation free system, using Fourier transform profilometry to analyse a 2D photograph which generates a 3D surface from which the shape of both the spine and the torso are assessed. ISIS2 has been used for both research and clinical management of scoliosis over the past decade (13)(14)(15). One of the parameters generated by ISIS2 is the 'maximum skin angle (MSA)'.…”

Section: The Relationship Between Measures Of Spinal Deformity and Mementioning

confidence: 99%

The relationship between measures of spinal deformity and measures of thoracic trunk rotation

et al. 2020

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The anatomical growth of the thoracic cage in adolescents with specific reference to axial growth comparing the right and left hemithorax

et al. 2022

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This study has demonstrated the changing volume of both the anterior and posterior thorax in normal adolescents (without spinal or thoracic deformity), differentiating for both sex and age, to further understand how the thorax grows, along with the differences in growth between the anterior and posterior thorax. The thorax was measured on axial CT slices at every vertebral level from T3 to T12 in a series of scans previous taken for routine clinical care. Measurements taken were the anteroposterior thoracic distance and the area of the anterior and posterior rib prominences on either side of the thorax. Data was analyzed per vertebral level, differentiating for age and sex. There were 486 CT scans analyzed (257 males and 229 females) between the ages of 8 and 18 years. The analysis identified that for the anterior thorax, there are three phases of growth with an initial slow increase in volume, followed by a stabilization of little growth, followed by another phase of a more rapid increase in volume. For the posterior thorax, there was a gradual increase in area with increasing age. This study demonstrates that the shape of the thorax is age and sex dependent, with males having both a greater width and depth of thorax compared to females. Of particular note is the difference in patterns of growth between the anterior and posterior thorax. This information will add to the understanding of normal growth, which will aid in the management of conditions where that growth is disturbed.

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A Description of Three-Dimensional Shape of the Posterior Torso Comparing Those with and without Scoliosis

Cited by 6 publications

References 19 publications

The variability in location of the most prominent points on the posterior torso of those without abnormal surface topography, those with Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis and those with Scheuermann's Kyphosis: a seven year longitudinal analysis

The variability in location of the most prominent points on the posterior torso of those without abnormal surface topography, those with Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis and those with Scheuermann's Kyphosis: a seven year longitudinal analysis

The relationship between measures of spinal deformity and measures of thoracic trunk rotation

The anatomical growth of the thoracic cage in adolescents with specific reference to axial growth comparing the right and left hemithorax

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