A decimal code for the growth stages of cereals

Zadoks, J.C.; Chang, T. T.; Konzak, C. F.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-3180.1974.tb01084.x

Cited by 8,334 publications

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“…Root samples were collected from a minimum of 10 plants per population. Environmental and plant variables were recorded at the time of collection and included: soil pH, soil salinity (measured as osmotic potential in bars), soil moisture content, plant height (cm), Zadoks growth stage (Zadoks et al 1974) and plant health (scored on a five point scale, with a score of five indicating large plants of excellent health with no apparent disease or physiological stress symptoms and a score of zero indicating plants with severe disease or stress symptoms). The overall vegetation type and soil type for each site were assessed using a numerical equivalent.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Profundae diversitas: the uncharted genetic diversity in a newly studied group of fungal root endophytes

et al. 2015

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Endophytes associated with crops have potential as beneficial inoculants in agriculture, but little is known about their genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships. We carried out the first ever ecological and phylogenetic survey of the culturable fungal root endophytes of a wild barley species. Fungal root endophytes were isolated from 10 populations of wall barley (Hordeum murinum), and 112 taxa of fungi were identified based on internal transcribed spacer sequence similarity. We found representatives from 8 orders, 12 families and 18 genera. Within this group, only 34 isolates (30% of the total) could be confidently assigned to a species, and 23 of the isolates (21% of the total) had no significant match to anything deposited in GenBank (based on <85% sequence similarity). These results suggest a high proportion of novel fungi, with 28% not assigned to a known fungal order. This includes three endophytes that have been shown to significantly improve agronomic traits in cultivated barley. This study has, therefore, revealed a profound diversity of fungal root endophytes in a single wild relative of barley. Extrapolating from this, the study highlights the largely unknown, hugely diverse and potentially useful resource of crop wild relative endophytes.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Profundae diversitas: the uncharted genetic diversity in a newly studied group of fungal root endophytes

et al. 2015

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“…Spring barley (Hordeum distichum, cv. Kinnan) was sown on 13 April 2005 and harvested as whole crop at the heading stage on 27 June, code 59 according to Zadoks et al (1974), or at the mid-dough stage of maturity on 18 July (code 85). Common production practices were used and the crops were fertilised with 100 kg N/ha in the spring.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of physical form and stage of maturity at harvest of whole-crop barley silage on intake, chewing activity, diet selection and faecal particle size of dairy steers

Rustas

Nørgaard

Jalali

et al. 2010

Animal

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This study examined the effects of physical form and stage of maturity at harvest of whole-crop barley silage (WCBS) on feed intake, eating and rumination activity, diet selection and faecal particle size in dairy steers. Whole-crop barley was harvested and ensiled in round bales. Eight dairy steers (live weight (LW): 350 6 10 kg) in a duplicated 4 3 4 Latin square design were fed WCBS harvested at heading or dough stage of maturity in long form or chopped in a 2 3 2 factorial treatment arrangement. The WCBS was supplemented with soybean meal. Daily dry matter (DM) intake increased by 7% ( P , 0.05) due to chopping of dough-stage silage but was unaffected by chopping of heading-stage silage. The steers fed chopped, but not those fed long dough-stage silage, selected for starch in the WCBS ( P , 0.001). The neutral detergent fibre (NDF) intake was 5% higher ( P , 0.01) for heading than for dough-stage silage and was associated with lower concentration of indigestible NDF (96 v. 170 g/kg DM). Rate of intake of DM and NDF was 37% higher ( P , 0.001), daily eating time was 24% shorter ( P , 0.001) and daily chewing time was 8% shorter ( P , 0.05) for chopped silage compared with long silage but there was no effect of maturity. Daily rumination time was not affected by treatments, whereas rumination and chewing times per kg NDF intake were 15% and 13% higher ( P , 0.05), respectively, for dough-stage than for heading-stage silage. The proportion of faecal particles retained on a 1 mm screen was 30% higher ( P , 0.001) due to chopping and 45% higher ( P , 0.001) due to delayed harvest. Chopping the dough-stage silage reduced the proportion of grain in faeces from 97 to 43 g/kg DM ( P , 0.05) indicating higher starch digestibility. In conclusion, chopping increased DM intake of WCBS when harvested at dough stage but not at heading stage of maturity.

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“…The two main hypotheses tested were that oats would have lower digestibility than barley and the organic matter (OM) digestibility would be similar at all maturity stages. The oats and barley in Umeå were harvested using a mower conditioner (Kverneland TA339, Kverneland group, Kverneland, Narway) at the heading (barley July 17, oats July 23), early milk (barley July 30, oats July 31) and early dough (barley August 7, oats August 18) stages; these corresponded to maturity stages 59, 73 and 83, respectively, in the decimal code proposed by Zadoks et al (1974). Barley was harvested at Alnarp using a mower conditioner (JF-Stoll, Sonderborg, Denmark) at the early milk (decimal code 71; June 25) and early dough (decimal code 83; July 7) stages.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Digestibility of whole-crop barley and oat silages in dairy heifers

Wallsten

Bertilsson

Nadeau

et al. 2010

Animal

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This study evaluated the digestibility of whole-crop cereal silage (WCCS) made from oats and six-rowed barley harvested at the heading, early milk and early dough stages, and two-rowed barley harvested at the early milk and early dough stages of maturity. The eight WCCSs were fed to 32 Swedish Red heifers in a changeover design over three periods of 28 days each. The heifers were first fed ad libitum for 17 days and then at 0.95 of ad libitum for 11 days of each period. During the last 5 days all faeces and orts were collected to determine the digestibility of the silages. Only the maturity stage effect was significant for the WCCS organic matter (OM) digestibility and the average OM digestibility was higher at the heading stage (698 g/kg) than at early milk (647 g/kg) and early dough (652 g/kg) stages of maturity. For neutral detergent fibre (NDF) digestibility the crop 3 maturity stage effect was significant. The NDF digestibility decreased from the heading to the early milk stage for both six-rowed barley (746 to 607 g/kg) and oats (698 to 596 g/kg). There was no further significant decrease in NDF digestibility for six-rowed barley at the early dough stage (577 g/kg), but for two-rowed barley it decreased from the early milk (682 g/kg) to the early dough (573 g/kg) stage, and also for oats the NDF digestibility was lowest at the early dough stage (507 g/kg). The decrease in NDF digestibility during maturation was to a large extent compensated by an increase in starch concentration in the crops. The starch digestibility was lower for six-rowed barley at early dough stage (948 g/kg) than at early milk stage (977 g/kg), and was also lower compared with oats (979 g/kg) at early dough stage. The average crude protein (CP) digestibility was higher at the heading (646 g/kg) and the early milk (642 g/kg) stages than at the early dough stage (599 g/kg), and oats had higher average CP digestibility (650 g/kg) than six-rowed (613 g/kg) and two-rowed (624 g/kg) barley. Delaying the harvest of WCCS from the heading to the early milk and dough stage of maturity will decrease the OM digestibility; as a result there is a decreased NDF digestibility.Keywords: Avena sativa, Hordeum vulgare, whole-crop cereal silage, utilization, maturity ImplicationsThis study covers the utilization (digestibility) of whole-crop cereal silages (WCCSs) under some of the conditions used in practice (heifers fed at high intakes). These results can therefore be used by farmers and advisors to predict the energy content (based on the organic matter digestibility) of WCCS harvested within the range of maturity stages investigated in this study, when making feed rations for these kind of animals. The results also show that harvest without a grain processor is also possible at early dough stage without a decrease in starch digestibility, and that conventional grass silage machinery therefore can be used at harvest.

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A decimal code for the growth stages of cereals

Cited by 8,334 publications

References 2 publications

Profundae diversitas: the uncharted genetic diversity in a newly studied group of fungal root endophytes

Profundae diversitas: the uncharted genetic diversity in a newly studied group of fungal root endophytes

Effects of physical form and stage of maturity at harvest of whole-crop barley silage on intake, chewing activity, diet selection and faecal particle size of dairy steers

Digestibility of whole-crop barley and oat silages in dairy heifers

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