“…As depicted in Figure b, the signals of Mo 3d 5/2 and Mo 3d 3/2 of Mo 3+ , Mo 4+ , and Mo 6+ can be probed at the binding energy of 229.4, 230.0, 232.5, 232.7, 233.1, and 235.8 eV, respectively, for Ni/NiMoN. , However, after preoxidation, the signal intensity of Mo obviously decreases owing to dissolution and leaching of Mo element revealed in Mo-NiO and Mo-NiO@NiFe LDH, and the remaining Mo only maintains a valence state of Mo 6+ and substitutes for Ni atoms in the lattice of NiO, which can cause the formation of lattice distortion and the local charge redistribution around Ni sites, thereby exhibiting an increased number of active sites and remarkable charge transfer capability, making Mo-NiO a suitable support carrier for the constructing heterostructure with excellent OER catalytic activity . The Fe 2p spectra of NiFe LDH and Mo-NiO@NiFe LDH are displayed in Figure c, where the two peaks located at 712.4 and 725.7 eV are attributed to Fe 2p 3/2 and Fe 2p 1/2 of Fe 3+ for the Mo-NiO@NiFe LDH, respectively, which demonstrates a negative shift of 0.3 eV compared with NiFe LDH, indicating the existence of the strong electron interaction between Mo-NiO and NiFe LDH combined with the previous migration result of Ni 2+ . This strong electron interaction is beneficial for enhancing the rate of charge transfer through the heterointerface, thereby improving the catalytic performance of the Mo-NiO@NiFe LDH for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) .…”