"A Dark Obverse": Maya Survival in Guatemala,: 1520-1994

Lovell, W. George; Lutz, Christopher H.

doi:10.2307/215503

Cited by 10 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Between 1519 and 1632, at least eight epidemics spread across Yucatan and Guatemala (Lovell, 2010). It is estimated that 90 percent of the Maya population died between 1500 and 1625, totaling about 1.8 million people in Guatemala (Lovell & Lutz, 1996) and perhaps closer to 3 million throughout Mexico and Central America. The political, economic, and religious leadership was decimated.…”

Section: Overview Of Maya Conquest and History In Guatemalamentioning

confidence: 99%

Fear, violence, inequality, and stunting in Guatemala

Bogin

2021

Am J Hum Biol

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Background Stunting is defined by the public health community as a length‐ or height‐for‐age <−2 SD of a growth standard or reference and is claimed to be caused by poor nutrition, repeated infection, and inadequate psychosocial stimulation. Material and Methods Stunting is common at all income levels in middle‐ and low‐income countries. At the higher income levels, stunting is unlikely to be caused by nutrient deficiency or infectious disease. Results In Guatemala, 17% of <5‐year‐olds in the highest family income quintile are stunted. Guatemala has a history of violence from armed conflict, current‐day social and economic inequalities, government corruption, and threat of kidnapping for the wealthiest families. Discussion and Conclusion The high level of persistent violence creates an ecology of fear, an extreme range of inequalities in Social‐Economic‐Political‐Emotional resources, and biosocial stress that inhibits skeletal growth and causes stunting for people of all income levels.

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Section: Overview Of Maya Conquest and History In Guatemalamentioning

confidence: 99%

Fear, violence, inequality, and stunting in Guatemala

Bogin

2021

Am J Hum Biol

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“…Between 1519 and 1632 at least eight epidemics spread across Yucatan and Guatemala (Lovell 2010). It is estimated that 90 percent of the Maya population died between 1500 and1625, totaling about 1.8 million people in Guatemala (Lovell and Lutz 1996) and perhaps closer to 3 million throughout Mexico and Central America. The political, economic, and religious leadership was decimated.…”

Section: The Maya Of Yucatanmentioning

confidence: 99%

Globalization and children’s diets: The case of Maya of Mexico and Central America

Bogin

Azcorra

Wilson

et al. 2014

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Globalization is, in part, an economic force to bring about a closer integration of national economies. Globalization is also a biological, social and ideological process of change. Globalization results in powerful multinational corporations imposing their products on new markets. Food globalization brings about nutritional transitions, the most common being a shift from a locally-grown diet with minimally refined foods, to the modern diet of highly processed foods, high in saturated fat, animal products and sugar, and low in fiber. This paper will examine the influences of food globalization using the Maya of Mexico as a case study. The Maya people of Mexico are a poignant case. Maya health and culture has deteriorated as a result, with highly processed foods affecting physical growth and health of Maya children and their families. The case of the Maya is not isolated and we must come to terms with food globalization if we are to translate research into better child health and well-being.

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“…We cannot disentangle the two because there are very few Maya in SEP 1-4, or Ladinos in SEP 5. Over the last 500 years, the Maya have been both socially and politically repressed, and continue to have a higher incidence of poverty compared with the Ladino population (31,(43)(44)(45) . We doubt that genetics plays a role in the short stature of the Maya because we know that Maya 5-12-year-olds growing up in the USA are, on average, 11 cm taller than the Maya of the same ages living in Guatemala (19) .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Four decades of socio-economic inequality and secular change in the physical growth of Guatemalans

Mansukoski

Johnson

Brooke‐Wavell

et al. 2019

Public Health Nutr.

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Objective:To investigate changes in socio-economic inequalities in growth in height, weight, BMI and grip strength in children born during 1955–1993 in Guatemala, a period of marked socio-economic-political change.Design:We modelled longitudinal data on height, weight, BMI and hand grip strength using Super-Imposition by Translation and Rotation (SITAR). Internal Z-scores summarising growth size, timing and intensity (peak growth velocity, e.g. cm/year) were created to investigate inequalities by socio-economic position (SEP; measured by school attended). Interactions of SEP with date of birth were investigated to capture secular changes in inequalities.Setting:Urban and peri-urban schools in the region of Guatemala City, Guatemala.Participants:Participants were 40 484 children and adolescents aged 3–19 years of Ladino and Maya ancestry (nobservations 157 067).Results:The difference in height (SITAR size) between lowest and highest SEP decreased from −2·0 (95 % CI −2·2, −1·9) sd to −1·4 (95 % CI −1·5, −1·3) sd in males, and from −2·0 (95 % CI −2·1, −1·9) sd to −1·2 (95 % CI −1·3, −1·2) sd in females over the study period. Inequalities also reduced for weight, BMI and grip strength, due to greater secular increases in lowest-SEP groups. The puberty period was earlier and shorter in higher-SEP individuals (earlier SITAR timing and higher SITAR intensity). All SEP groups showed increases in BMI intensity over time.Conclusions:Inequality narrowed between the 1960s and 1990s. The lowest-SEP groups were still >1 sd shorter than the highest. Risks remain for reduced human capital and poorer population health for urban Guatemalans.

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"A Dark Obverse": Maya Survival in Guatemala,: 1520-1994

Cited by 10 publications

References 12 publications

Fear, violence, inequality, and stunting in Guatemala

Fear, violence, inequality, and stunting in Guatemala

Globalization and children’s diets: The case of Maya of Mexico and Central America

Four decades of socio-economic inequality and secular change in the physical growth of Guatemalans

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