A dairy‐based high calcium diet improves glucose homeostasis and reduces steatosis in the context of preexisting obesity

Abstract

Objective: High dietary calcium (Ca) in the context of a dairy food matrix has been shown to reduce obesity development and associated inflammation in diet-induced obese (DIO) rodents. The influence of Ca and dairy on these phenotypes in the context of preexisting obesity is not known. Furthermore, interpretations have been confounded historically by differences in body weight gain among DIO animals fed dairy-based protein or high Ca. Design and Methods: Adiposity along with associated metabolic and inflammatory outcomes were measured in DIO mice previously fattened for 12 week on a soy protein-based obesogenic high fat diet (45% energy, 0.5% adequate Ca), then fed one of three high fat diets (n ¼ 29-30/group) for an additional 8 week: control (same as lead-in diet), high-Ca (1.5% Ca), or high-Ca þ nonfat dry milk (NFDM). Results and Conclusion: Mice fed high-Ca þ NFDM had modestly, but significantly, attenuated weight gain compared to mice fed high-Ca or versus controls (P < 0.001), whereas mice fed high-Ca alone had increased weight gain compared to controls (P < 0.001). Total measured adipose depot weights between groups were similar, as were white adipose tissue inflammation and macrophage infiltration markers (e.g. TNFa, IL-6, CD68 mRNAs). Mice fed high-Ca þ NFDM had significantly improved glucose tolerance following a glucose tolerance test, and markedly lower liver triglycerides compared to high-Ca and control groups. Improved metabolic phenotypes in prefattened DIO mice following provision of a diet enriched with dairy-based protein and carbohydrates appeared to be driven by non-Ca components of dairy and were observed despite minimal differences in body weight or adiposity.

Calcium Supplementation Enhanced Adipogenesis and Improved Glucose Homeostasis Through Activation of Camkii and PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway in Porcine Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells (pBMSCs) and Mice Fed High Fat Diet (HFD)

“…Meanwhile, our results showed that calcium supplementation significantly reduced blood glucose and serum insulin levels, and improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in HFD-fed mice. Similarly, the beneficial effects of dietary calcium on glycemic control has been indicated in many studies [16,18,38]. However, consumption of high calcium provided no effect on glycemic control in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes [17].…”

“…In addition, calcium also plays an important role in regulating glucose uptake in the isolated working rat heart [13], mice skeletal muscle [14], and 3T3-L1 cells [15]. Moreover, dietary calcium has been confirmed to elicit beneficial effects on body weight/fat reduction and glycemic control [16][17][18]. Although the increase of fat oxidation and fecal fat excretion [19], the elevation of adipose tissue apoptosis [20], and the gut microbiota [16,21] have been implicated to be partly involved, the mechanisms by which calcium modulates body weight/fat and glucose homeostasis are still not fully understood.…”

Effects of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on the anthropometric variables, lipid profiles and liver enzymes in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

“…In other study, low dietary consumption of fiber positively associated with the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (Papandreou et al, 2012). Lower fiber consumption may also be associated with higher BMI, higher levels of serum lipids and lipid accumulation (Thomas et al, 2013).…”

A diet containing a nonfat dry milk matrix significantly alters systemic oxylipins and the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) in diet-induced obese mice

“…However, anti-inflammatory actions of calcitriol have also been reported in humans [15], and serum calcitriol has been reported to be significantly lower in obese verses non-obese human subjects [16]. In diet-induced obese (DIO) mice fed high calcium or high-calcium plus dairy, circulating calcitriol did not correlate with alterations in systemic or WAT inflammation [17,18]. Thus, changes in calcitriol due to dietary calcium cannot fully explain the apparent anti-inflammatory effects of dairy.…”

“…In animal models of obesity, inclusion of dairy or dairy-based proteins in the diet reduces weight gain and adiposity, even in the absence of lower energy intake. In some studies in DIO mice fed a high fat diet containing a dairy matrix (e.g., a calcium rich, non-fat dry milk (NFDM) protein and carbohydrate-based diet), energy intake was modestly increased, resulting in lower feed efficiency [17,18]. The etiology of these effects on food intake and energy balance remains to be ascertained.…”