A Current Review of Ebola Virus: Pathogenesis, Clinical Presentation, and Diagnostic Assessment

Casillas, Adrian M.; Nyamathi, Adeline; Sosa, Anthony; Wilder, Cam L.; Sands, Heather

doi:10.1177/1099800403252603

Cited by 58 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 21 publications

(32 reference statements)

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“…The coagulation mechanism inside the blood vessels is also activated to cause intravascular coagulation. Death can occur either due to coagulation or due to severe blood loss [16]. Thrombocytopenia, consumption of clotting factors, and increased concentrations of fibrin degradation products are major mechanisms responsible for coagulopathy during EBOV infections.…”

Section: Pathogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In humans, the rates of genetic changes occurring in EBOV may be 100 times slower than that in influenza A viruses; however, the divergence of EBOV was reported to have taken place several thousand years ago [13,14]. The EBOV envelope glycoprotein (eGP) plays multiple functions in viral pathogenesis as it aids in virus attachment and entry to cells, causes cell rounding, down-regulates host surface proteins, enhances virus assembly and budding, and also mediates widespread inflammation, cytotoxicity, and cellular damage, while secretary glycoprotein (sGP) is secreted by the virus infected host cells [15][16][17].…”

Section: Etiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ebola from emergence to epidemic: the virus and the disease, global preparedness and perspectives

Dhama

Malik

et al. 2015

J Infect Dev Ctries

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Humans constantly encounter threats from many infectious, zoonotic, and devastating pathogens. Outbreaks of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), bird flu, and swine flu posing pandemic threats have compelled health agencies to follow global preparedness for combating the emerging deadly pathogens. The outbreak in West Africa of highly contagious Ebola viral disease (EVD) that started in Guinea in December 2013, assumed global proportions to become the largest outbreak of EVD and the most prominent international health concern. With fatality rates of nearly 50%-90%, it has claimed, as of 11 April 2015, 10,619 human lives out of a total of 25,626 cases reported worldwide. Ebola virus (EBOV), a member of Filoviridae family, is associated with severe, often lethal, hemorrhagic fever disease in humans and animals. The animal hosts, including non-human primates and reservoir hosts (fruit bats), play a significant role in transmission and maintenance of EBOV in nature. Although no approved vaccine for the prevention of EVD currently exists, disease control can be greatly enhanced by timely laboratory confirmation through blood tests using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Adherence to strict sanitary and hygienic measures, monitoring and surveillance of EBOV, as well as quarantine checks on international trade, transport, and visitors from affected countries are mandatory to prevent and control the spread of EVD. This review describes the salient properties of EBOV and the development of novel diagnostics, vaccines, and control strategies for this emerging disease of high public health concern and international emergency.

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Section: Pathogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Etiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Ebola from emergence to epidemic: the virus and the disease, global preparedness and perspectives

Dhama

Malik

et al. 2015

J Infect Dev Ctries

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“…2,57 Some vaccines under trial have been shown to protect NHPs: a replication-incompetent adenovirus expressing the EBOV glycoprotein (29-31), a replication-competent vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) expressing GP (7,15), a recombinant 48 paramyxovirus expressing GP (4), and virus-like particles (38,41). 5 In the absence of effective treatment and vaccine, raising awareness regarding the risk factors and personal protective measures is the only way to reduce human infection and death.…”

Section: Preventionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…41 The virus has the specialized mechanisms to evade the immune system and the course of illness results from a complex pathogenic mechanism. 16 In a study it is shown that fatal outcome is associated with aberrant innate immune responses and suppression of the adaptive immunity.…”

Section: Pathogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Ebola Virus ? A Global Threat

Ahmed¹,

Roy²

2015

J Enam Med Col

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“…Disease outbreaks with these viruses have significant medical and social impacts. Case fatality rates can be as high as 65% for Lassa virus (LASV) and as high as 90% for ebolaviruses (3,4). Their high mortality rates combined with their ease of transmission and the lack of vaccines or effective treatments render them extremely dangerous pathogens.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of MagPix Assays and Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Detection of Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses

et al. 2017

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Viral hemorrhagic fevers, because of their high mortality rates, the lack of medical countermeasures, and their potential use as instruments of bioterrorism, pose a significant threat to the developed and the developing areas of the world. The key to preventing the spread of these diseases is early and accurate detection. For decades, the gold-standard immunoassay for hemorrhagic fever detection has been the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); however, newer technologies are emerging with increased sensitivities. One such technology is the Luminex MagPix platform using xMAP microspheres. Here, we compare the MagPix platform with a traditional ELISA for IgM and antigen detection of infections from Lassa and Ebola viruses (LASV and EBOV, respectively). For IgM detection in nonhuman primate samples, the MagPix platform was 5 and 25 times more sensitive in detecting LASV and EBOV, respectively, compared to that with ELISA. For antigen detection in buffer, the MagPix platform was 25 and 2.5 times more sensitive in detecting lower levels of LASV and EBOV, respectively. In both IgM and antigen detection assays, the MagPix platform demonstrated excellent reproducibility at the lower limit of detection (LLOD). These findings demonstrate that the MagPix platform is a viable diagnostic replacement for the ELISA for viral hemorrhagic fevers.KEYWORDS ELISA, MagPix, Ebola virus, immunoassays, Lassa virus, viral hemorrhagic fever H emorrhagic fevers are a part of the normal disease burden in Africa. In the developed world, they are a concern because of their potential use as bioterrorism agents. Lassa virus (family, Arenaviridae) and ebolaviruses (family, Filoviridae) are hemorrhagic fever viruses that are endemic in several African countries (1, 2). Disease outbreaks with these viruses have significant medical and social impacts. Case fatality rates can be as high as 65% for Lassa virus (LASV) and as high as 90% for ebolaviruses (3,4). Their high mortality rates combined with their ease of transmission and the lack of vaccines or effective treatments render them extremely dangerous pathogens.Early during an infection, hemorrhagic fever viruses have a clinical presentation that is similar to other more common febrile illnesses (5, 6). A rapid and accurate diagnosis of hemorrhagic fever viruses is critical for limiting the spread of disease and enabling an earlier more effective treatment. Traditionally, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) have been used for the detection of a virus-specific antigen and/or IgM antibodies (7,8).ELISA immunodiagnostics are the standard by which other diagnostics are evaluated. ELISA has been commonly used for the detection of LASV and Ebola virus (EBOV) for many years; however, newer immunodiagnostic platforms that offer multiplex

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A Current Review of Ebola Virus: Pathogenesis, Clinical Presentation, and Diagnostic Assessment

Abstract: Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF) is an acute viral syndrome that presents with fever and an ensuing bleeding diathesis that is marked by high mortality in Medicine, Room 52-175, Center for Health Sciences, Los Angeles, CA 90095; phone: 310-825-1153; e-mail: acasillas@mednet.ucla.edu

Cited by 58 publications

References 21 publications

Ebola from emergence to epidemic: the virus and the disease, global preparedness and perspectives

Ebola from emergence to epidemic: the virus and the disease, global preparedness and perspectives

Ebola Virus ? A Global Threat

Comparison of MagPix Assays and Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Detection of Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses

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