A Cross-Sectional Survey of Bacterial Species in Plaque from Client Owned Dogs with Healthy Gingiva, Gingivitis or Mild Periodontitis

Abstract

Periodontal disease is the most widespread oral disease in dogs which if left untreated results in significant pain to the pet and loss of dentition. The objective of this study was to identify bacterial species in canine plaque that are significantly associated with health, gingivitis and mild periodontitis (<25% attachment loss). In this survey subgingival plaque samples were collected from 223 dogs with healthy gingiva, gingivitis and mild periodontitis with 72 to 77 samples per health status. DNA was extracted from the plaque samples and subjected to PCR amplification of the V1-V3 region of the 16S rDNA. Pyrosequencing of the PCR amplicons identified a total of 274 operational taxonomic units after bioinformatic and statistical analysis. Porphyromonas was the most abundant genus in all disease stages, particularly in health along with Moraxella and Bergeyella. Peptostreptococcus, Actinomyces, and Peptostreptococcaceae were the most abundant genera in mild periodontitis. Logistic regression analysis identified species from each of these genera that were significantly associated with health, gingivitis or mild periodontitis. Principal component analysis showed distinct community profiles in health and disease. The species identified show some similarities with health and periodontal disease in humans but also major differences. In contrast to human, healthy canine plaque was found to be dominated by Gram negative bacterial species whereas Gram positive anaerobic species predominate in disease. The scale of this study surpasses previously published research and enhances our understanding of the bacterial species present in canine subgingival plaque and their associations with health and early periodontal disease.

Porphyromonas loveana sp. nov., isolated from the oral cavity of Australian marsupials

“…P. gingivalis, isolated from the human oral cavity, was reported to be a key pathogen in human periodontal disease (Hajishengallis et al, 2012), whereas P. gulae was reported to be the most relevant pathogen in feline periodontal disease (Perez-Salcedo et al, 2012) and has been isolated from gingivitis and mild periodontitis lesions in dogs (Davis et al, 2013) and a case of suppurative otitis and ascending meningoencephalitis in a captive Parma wallaby showing neurological signs (Giannitti et al, 2014).…”

Köpek ve Kedi Diş Taşı Mikrobiyomunun İleri Jenerasyon Sekanslama Kullanarak Araştırılması

“…3), especially in dogs which showed a higher prevalence than cats. The most prevalent taxon in the phylum Euryarchaeota was the genus Methanobrevibacter, not withstanding that several previous studies did not report the presence of archaea in oral samples and plaque from both dogs and cats [12,[27][28][29] .…”

“…The dog oral microbiome has been the subject of several studies using pyrosequencing and cloning, which exhibited a difference in the most abundant phyla between oral samples (oral cavity, buccal site, palatal site and the subgingival pouch) and plaque [12,[27][28][29] . Studies by Sturgeon et al [12] and Oh et al [29] demonstrated that the most abundant bacteria in oral samples were members of the phyla Bacteroidetes or Proteobacteria, respectively, whereas Dewhirst et al [27] and Davis et al [28] found that the phylum Firmicutes was the most prevalent in canine plaque, similar to canine calculus.…”

“…Studies by Sturgeon et al [12] and Oh et al [29] demonstrated that the most abundant bacteria in oral samples were members of the phyla Bacteroidetes or Proteobacteria, respectively, whereas Dewhirst et al [27] and Davis et al [28] found that the phylum Firmicutes was the most prevalent in canine plaque, similar to canine calculus. However, the second most abundant phylum in dog calculus was Synergistetes [12,[27][28][29] . This indicated a significant discrepancy in the bacterial communities in dog oral samples, plaque and calculus, where both of the former had a low representation of the phylum Synergistetes.…”

“…In addition to the class Clostridia, other facultative and obligate anaerobic species can be found in both canine and feline calculus, including Tannerella, Parvimonas, Peptostreptococcus, Actinomyces and Desulfovibrio. When considering at the genus level, the most abundant genus in dog and cat oral samples and plaque was Porphyromonas [12,[27][28][29] . while that in calculus was Fretibacterium which belongs to the phylum Synergistetes.…”