A cross-layer approach for data replication and gathering in decentralized long-living wireless sensor networks

2009 International Conference on Computational Science and Engineering

2009

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A lifetime of several years for wireless sensor nodes can be achieved if their activity period is minimized. This can be done by using low duty cycle protocols. One of the challenges of these low duty cycle protocols is the synchronization of wake-up times. This becomes even more demanding if a wired central sink, which takes care of the schedule, is missing and communication links are unreliable. In this paper, we present our own Distributed Low Duty Cycle MAC (DLDC-MAC) protocol, which achieves a lifetime of two years using off-the-shelf sensor nodes. Our protocol synchronizes wake-up times of nodes in a fully decentralized way, even when plenty of transmitted packets get lost. We evaluated this in a real world scenario with 10 sensor nodes working for 14 days in our office space. Interestingly, the experiment showed that direct communication over long distances led to very high packet error rate, sometimes higher than 30%. In that case, multi-hop transmission delivered data with much higher reliability, with packet error rate close to 0%. KEYWORDSSensor networks, communication protocols, decentralized systems, wireless communication, energy efficiency 2009 International Conference on Computational Science and Engineering 978-0-7695-3823-5/09 $26.00

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Completely Distributed Low Duty Cycle Communication for Long-Living Sensor Networks

2009 International Conference on Computational Science and Engineering

2009

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“…This work applies a distributed low-duty cycle MAC (DLDC-MAC) protocol, introduced in our previous works [18,19]. Nodes with DLDC-MAC send periodically beacons and wake up to receive beacons of neighbors (see Figure 1).…”

Section: Duty-cycled Mac Protocolsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, DLDC-MAC supports data replication in sensor networks and handles several TDMA problems (details in [18,19]). Figure 1 depicts the basics of DLDC-MAC.…”

Section: Duty-cycled Mac Protocolsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Support for a Long Lifetime and Short End-to-End Delays with TDMA Protocols in Sensor Networks

International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks

2012

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This work addresses a tough challenge of achieving two opposing goals: ensuring long lifetimes and supporting short end-to-end delays in sensor networks. Obviously, sensor nodes must wake up often to support short delays in multi-hop networks. As event occurs seldom in common applications, most wake-up are useless: nodes waste energy due to idle listening. We introduce a set of solutions, referred to as LETED (limiting end-to-end delays), which shorten the wake-up periods, reduce idle listening, and save energy. We exploit hardware features of available transceivers that allow early detection of idle wake-up periods. This feature is introduced on top of our approach to reduce idle listening stemming from clock drift owing to the estimation of run-time drift. To evaluate LETED and other MAC protocols that support short end-to-end delays we present an analytical model, which considers almost 30 hardware and software parameters. Our evaluation revealed that LETED reduces idle listening by 15x and more against similar solutions. Also, LETED outperforms other protocols and provides significant longer lifetimes. For example, nodes with LETED work 8x longer than those with a common TDMA and 2x-3x longer than with protocols based on preamble sampling, like B-MAC.

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ILA: Idle Listening Avoidance in Scheduled Wireless Sensor Networks

Lecture Notes in Computer Science

2010