Completely Distributed Low Duty Cycle Communication for Long-Living Sensor Networks

Brzozowski, Marcin; Salomon, Hendrik; Langendoerfer, Peter

doi:10.1109/cse.2009.32

Cited by 13 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 15 publications

(17 reference statements)

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“…Therefore, multi-hop routing protocols aim to achieve a minimal lifetime of several years for low power WSNs by implementing a fair energy routing within the nodes of a WSN [16]. These protocols are mainly based on low duty cycle medium access control (MAC) schemes, which activate communication modules on sending and receiving phases only [7].…”

Section: B Low Duty Cycle Medium Access Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Custom-fit security for efficient and pollution-resistant multicast OTA-programming with fountain codes

Stecklina

Kornemann

Grehl

et al. 2015

2015 15th International Conference on Innovations for Community Services (I4CS)

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In this work we describe the implementation details of a protocol suite for a secure and reliable over-the-air reprogramming of wireless restricted devices. Although, recently forward error correction codes aiming at a robust transmission over a noisy wireless medium have extensively been discussed and evaluated, we believe that the clear value of the contribution at hand is to share our experience when it comes to a meaningful combination and implementation of various multihop (broadcast) transmission protocols and custom-fit security building blocks: For a robust and reliable data transmission we make use of fountain codes a.k.a. rateless erasure codes and show how to combine such schemes with an underlying medium access control protocol, namely a distributed low duty cycle medium access control (DLDC-MAC). To handle the well known problem of packet pollution of forward-error-correction approaches where an attacker bogusly modifies or infiltrates some minor number of encoded packets and thus pollutes the whole data stream at the receiver side, we apply homomorphic message authentication codes (HomMAC). We discuss implementation details and the pros and cons of the two currently available HomMAC candidates for our setting. Both require as the core cryptographic primitive a symmetric block cipher for which, as we will argue later, we have opted for the PRESENT, PRIDE and PRINCE (exchangeable) ciphers in our implementation.

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Section: B Low Duty Cycle Medium Access Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Custom-fit security for efficient and pollution-resistant multicast OTA-programming with fountain codes

Stecklina

Kornemann

Grehl

et al. 2015

2015 15th International Conference on Innovations for Community Services (I4CS)

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“…As already mentioned, we started the implementation of the protocol stack from the MAC protocol. In this case, we developed our distributed low duty cycle MAC (DLDC-MAC [2]). As usually there is a C compiler available for sensor node platforms, we implemented the crossplatform protocols using the C language only.…”

Section: Cross-platform Softwarementioning

confidence: 99%

Cross-platform protocol development for sensor networks

Brzozowski

Salomon

Piotrowski

et al. 2011

Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Software Engineering for Sensor Network Applications

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Protocols for sensor networks are commonly coupled to the specific operating system (OS), for instance TinyOS, involving some drawbacks. First, programmers must learn OS architecture, programming guidelines, sometimes a new programming language, etc. Second, protocols run on the specific OS only, i.e. on the hardware supported by the OS. Third, only selected network simulators, mostly provided by OS, can execute the OS-coupled code.To tackle the problems with interoperability we examined the idea of cross-platform protocol development for sensor networks, i.e. software running on several OSs, and share our experience in this paper.Our primary cross-platform MAC protocol runs on two OSs and on a hardware platform supporting the C programming language. To achieve interoperability we decoupled MAC from OS calls and provided a hardware abstraction layer (HAL) for each OS. We discovered that such an approach does not result in a significant penalty in terms of occupied memory (e.g. smaller by 3 kB than the TinyOSdedicated version) and consumed energy (additional overhead smaller by three orders of magnitude from total tx energy).

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“…For that reason nodes do not shift LETED slots, if they overlap with other LETED slots or with beacons. On the contrary, on the beacon overlap risk, nodes shift one of them according to the DLDC-MAC (details in our previous works [18,19]). In general, each node detects an overlap by comparing start and finish times of slots stored in the slot table.…”

Section: Overlap Riskmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This work applies a distributed low-duty cycle MAC (DLDC-MAC) protocol, introduced in our previous works [18,19]. Nodes with DLDC-MAC send periodically beacons and wake up to receive beacons of neighbors (see Figure 1).…”

Section: Duty-cycled Mac Protocolsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Support for a Long Lifetime and Short End-to-End Delays with TDMA Protocols in Sensor Networks

Brzozowski

Salomon

Langendoerfer

2012

International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks

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This work addresses a tough challenge of achieving two opposing goals: ensuring long lifetimes and supporting short end-to-end delays in sensor networks. Obviously, sensor nodes must wake up often to support short delays in multi-hop networks. As event occurs seldom in common applications, most wake-up are useless: nodes waste energy due to idle listening. We introduce a set of solutions, referred to as LETED (limiting end-to-end delays), which shorten the wake-up periods, reduce idle listening, and save energy. We exploit hardware features of available transceivers that allow early detection of idle wake-up periods. This feature is introduced on top of our approach to reduce idle listening stemming from clock drift owing to the estimation of run-time drift. To evaluate LETED and other MAC protocols that support short end-to-end delays we present an analytical model, which considers almost 30 hardware and software parameters. Our evaluation revealed that LETED reduces idle listening by 15x and more against similar solutions. Also, LETED outperforms other protocols and provides significant longer lifetimes. For example, nodes with LETED work 8x longer than those with a common TDMA and 2x-3x longer than with protocols based on preamble sampling, like B-MAC.

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Completely Distributed Low Duty Cycle Communication for Long-Living Sensor Networks

Cited by 13 publications

References 15 publications

Custom-fit security for efficient and pollution-resistant multicast OTA-programming with fountain codes

Custom-fit security for efficient and pollution-resistant multicast OTA-programming with fountain codes

Cross-platform protocol development for sensor networks

Support for a Long Lifetime and Short End-to-End Delays with TDMA Protocols in Sensor Networks

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