“…An underlying variable is a marketrelated characteristic of the asset or liability that leads to an increase in value changes (Gastineau, Smith, and Todd, 2001). They can be equity shares, stocks, bonds, debentures, treasury bills, foreign currencies, interest rates, commodity prices, or different market indices, such as the stock market index or the consumer price index (Anderson & Gupta, 2009). In this article, we focused on total derivatives, and the most common and widely practiced types of nonfinancial firms, i.e., foreign currency (Aretz & Bartram, 2010).…”