A Critique of Politeness Theories

Al-Hindawi, Fareed Hameed; Alkhazaali, Musaab A. Raheem

doi:10.17507/tpls.0608.03

Cited by 12 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…She views communication as an activity that is intrinsically risky and harmful (Ibid). Politeness is addressed here as referring to conversational interlocutors' tools to reduce the risk and the tension (Al-Hindawi & Alkhazaali, 2016). Referring to the language politeness theories above, using a bottle of sopi or tuak in speech is one of the politeness strategies used by speakers and interlocutors to create harmonious interactions during the belis negotiation process.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The off-Record Politeness Strategy and Cultural Values of the Belis Negotiation Speech Event: A Sociopragmatic Study

Daar¹,

Beratha

Suastra

et al. 2023

Indonesian J. Appl. Linguist.

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This study aims to find out the language politeness strategies applied by the tongka (spokesperson) and other parties involved in the belis negotiation speech event in the Manggarai community, the Pasat-Ruis dialect, Indonesia. This study used a phenomenological approach. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with five key informants with experience as spokespersons (tongka) and adequate knowledge of the Manggarai language and culture. Data were analyzed using the interactive model proposed by Miles and Haberman (1992). The study found that the off-record politeness strategy was applied in two patterns; (1) The use of metaphorical phrases to refine the speech. Knowledge and the ability to interpret the meaning of speech through metaphorical phrases is an important aspect that must be possessed by a tongka (spokesperson) by connecting the phrase with the context of its use so that it can be understood and fulfills the elements of Politeness. (2) The use of sopi while conveying speech. The patterns show Politeness and the distinctive and authentic characteristics of Manggarai culture. Meanwhile, the cultural values of the utterances of belis negotiations include kinship, brotherhood, responsibility, appreciation, and respect. Thus, the findings indicate that the spokespersons selected in the belis negotiation process need to consider the knowledge of Manggarai culture and the ability to use metaphorical phrases in cultural speech so that the belisnegotiation process runs smoothly according to the expectations of the two extended families.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The off-Record Politeness Strategy and Cultural Values of the Belis Negotiation Speech Event: A Sociopragmatic Study

Daar¹,

Beratha

Suastra

et al. 2023

Indonesian J. Appl. Linguist.

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“…It seeks to establish links and relationships between people, community resources and service providers, as well as achieve justice and equality among different population groups, and encourage the exchange of information, experience, and resources among different institutional structures. It adopts a scientific and general perspective on human issues and seeks solutions to problems (Hindawi, 2015).…”

Section: Theory Of Professional Practicementioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of ARIJ Investigative Foundation in Spreading the Concepts of Investigative Culture in the Arab World and Its Reflection on Professional Practice among Participants

Bdoor,

Alkhaldy

2023

AJC

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The study aimed to investigate the role of the ARIJ Investigative Foundation (ARIJ) in promoting investigative journalism in the Arab world and its impact on the professional practice of its participants. The study used a descriptive approach and a media survey questionnaire to collect data from (100) participants, from various Arab countries who had attended training workshops and courses offered by ARIJ. The study found that there were more male participants than females, and the majority of participants were above 34 years old with a bachelor's degree. The highest percentage of participants had less than five years of work experience. The majority of participants attended courses remotely due to the difficulty of coming to the headquarters in Jordan. The main motive for attending the training courses was due to ARIJ's distinguished execution of specialized investigative courses and workshops. The majority of participants did not participate in completing any investigative report with ARIJ. The study provides insights into the characteristics and motives of individuals interested in attending training courses offered by ARIJ and highlights the need for continued training and support for investigative journalism in the Arab world.

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“…Other explorations of the politeness theory by a variety of authors have suggested several kinds of impacts related to the use of face threats (see Al-Hindawi and Alkhazaali, 2016 for a review). These authors indicate that most scholars who focus on politeness conceptualize it as a strategy aimed at achieving group harmony or comity while achieving pragmatic goals such as making a decision or promoting relationships.…”

Section: Theoretical Background and Hypothesis Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perceptions of face threats in conflict

Donohue

Druckman

2022

IJCMA

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Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine the relative impact of positive and negative face threats in conflict scenarios on the relational quality between disputants. This study also sought to determine whether the contextual variables of relational distance and power differential mediated this relationship as predicted by politeness theory. Design/methodology/approach To test the hypotheses, a 2 × 2 × 2 design was implemented manipulating the variables face (positive and negative), relational distance (business and personal) and power differential (high and low power differential). Participants read one of the eight scenarios, then responded to the dependent variables which focused on the impact of the face threats on relational quality between the participants. Subjects were recruited using the M-Turk, Amazon platform. Manipulation checks were carefully constructed to ensure subjects understood them. Findings The results of this study indicated that positive face threats have significantly more impact on relational quality between disputants than negative face threats. Moreover, context did not mediate these results. Neither relational distance nor power differential impacted the extent to which positive face threats compromised the relationship between the disputants. Research limitations/implications This is the first study to explore the impact of face threats on relational outcomes in conflict. Prior studies focused only on the extent to which contextual variables would impact the choice of face threats that disputants might make in response to power and relational distance differences. This result suggests that face threats play a significant role in determining relational outcomes in conflict settings. Practical implications This study suggests that practitioners, such as mediators or group facilitators, should take steps to limit the kinds of positive face threats that disputants exchange during conflict. If positive face threats are allowed to escalate, then they can severely compromise the willingness of disputants to trust and continue to work toward an integrative solution. Social implications Political divisions often appear to widen in the context of positive face threats as individuals seek to belittle the identities of their opponents. As these face threats escalate, they can result in polarizing language that disempowers these individuals from wanting to work together in a trusting relationship to accomplish important social goals. Originality/value This is the first study to explore the relative impact of positive and negative face threats on the relational quality of disputants in conflict. It is also the first to explore the extent to which context mediates the impact of face threats.

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A Critique of Politeness Theories

Cited by 12 publications

References 29 publications

The off-Record Politeness Strategy and Cultural Values of the Belis Negotiation Speech Event: A Sociopragmatic Study

The off-Record Politeness Strategy and Cultural Values of the Belis Negotiation Speech Event: A Sociopragmatic Study

The Role of ARIJ Investigative Foundation in Spreading the Concepts of Investigative Culture in the Arab World and Its Reflection on Professional Practice among Participants

Perceptions of face threats in conflict

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