A Critical Review of the Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activities of Green-Synthesized Plant-Based Metallic Nanoparticles

Abstract

Metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) produced by green synthesis using plant extracts have attracted huge interest in the scientific community due to their excellent antibacterial, antifungal and antibiofilm activities. To evaluate these pharmacological properties, several methods or protocols have been successfully developed and implemented. Although these protocols were mostly inspired by the guidelines from national and international regulatory bodies, they suffer from a glaring absence of standardization of the experimental conditions. This situation leads to a lack of reproducibility and comparability of data from different study settings. To minimize these problems, guidelines for the antimicrobial and antibiofilm evaluation of MNPs should be developed by specialists in the field. Being aware of the immensity of the workload and the efforts required to achieve this, we set out to undertake a meticulous literature review of different experimental protocols and laboratory conditions used for the antimicrobial and antibiofilm evaluation of MNPs that could be used as a basis for future guidelines. This review also brings together all the discrepancies resulting from the different experimental designs and emphasizes their impact on the biological activities as well as their interpretation. Finally, the paper proposes a general overview that requires extensive experimental investigations to set the stage for the future development of effective antimicrobial MNPs using green synthesis.

Biosynthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles by Caricaceae (Papaya) shell extracts for antifungal application

“…The antifungal potentials of syringes filters pasteurized spacemen of TiO 2 Nanoparticles on Sclerotinias sclerotiorums , Rosellinia necatrixs and Fusariums spp . were measured in a nearby context 57 . Sclerotinias sclerotiorums , Rosellinias necatrixs as well as Fusariums spp .…”

An Explorative Review on Advanced Approaches to Overcome Bacterial Resistance by Curbing Bacterial Biofilm Formation

“…244 Secondly, the larger surface area of nanoparticles enhances surface reactivity and increases the antimicrobial and antibiofilm action. 245 Enhanced antibiofilm activity and a larger surface area have been verified in silica nanoparticles, 246 metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, such as copper oxide nanoparticles, 247 ferrite nanoparticles, 248 silver nanoparticles, 249 and titanium dioxide nanoparticles. 250 Other factors related to the NPs also contribute to the antibiofilm action of NPs, such as hydrophobicity, shape, and surface charge.…”

Green Synthesis of Platinum Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications

“…Such antimicrobial activity depends on the surface area in contact with microorganisms; their small size and high surface-to-volume ratio gives them the opportunity to interact closely with microbial membranes [ 107 , 109 ]. The nanoparticle shape also plays an important role in antibacterial activity, and capping agents, due to their own antimicrobial properties, are able to enhance it [ 110 ].…”

“…As a result of interaction between PtNPS and the bacterial cell wall, morphological and permeability function changes in the membrane is observed, the integrity of the bacterial cell is disrupted and death occurs [ 20 ]. In case of PtNPs, their strong negative zeta potential enhances antibacterial activity [ 110 ].…”