A Critical Review of Electrochemical Glucose Sensing: Evolution of Biosensor Platforms Based on Advanced Nanosystems

Abstract

The research field of glucose biosensing has shown remarkable growth and development since the first reported enzyme electrode in 1962. Extensive research on various immobilization methods and the improvement of electron transfer efficiency between the enzyme and the electrode have led to the development of various sensing platforms that have been constantly evolving with the invention of advanced nanostructures and their nano-composites. Examples of such nanomaterials or composites include gold nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, carbon/graphene quantum dots and chitosan hydrogel composites, all of which have been exploited due to their contributions as components of a biosensor either for improving the immobilization process or for their electrocatalytic activity towards glucose. This review aims to summarize the evolution of the biosensing aspect of these glucose sensors in terms of the various generations and recent trends based on the use of applied nanostructures for glucose detection in the presence and absence of the enzyme. We describe the history of these biosensors based on commercialized systems, improvements in the understanding of the surface science for enhanced electron transfer, the various sensing platforms developed in the presence of the nanomaterials and their performances.

The role of the surface ligand on the performance of electrochemical SARS-CoV-2 antigen biosensors

“…Their sensing capacity is based on the efficient and selective transformation of a biological reaction event (interaction of a surface-attached ligand with a biomarker in solution) into a measurable and quantifiable detectable signal. Since the advent of the first biosensor, a glucose sensor based on glucose oxidase as a surface ligand [ 5 ], continuous efforts have been made to render these sensors more efficient, in terms of sensitivity, and more portable to fully explore their potential for point-of-care applications [ 6 , 7 ]. These point-of-care devices have been recognized to be the most effective mean to help contain the spread of the virus.…”

Cu-Doped ZnO Nanoparticles for Non-Enzymatic Glucose Sensing

“…The electrochemical approach stands out among the various possible techniques that are suitable for glucose determination [ 28 ]. Two main kinds of glucose sensors are used in electrochemical technology: enzymatic-based sensing and non-enzymatic glucose sensing [ 29 , 30 ]. Most of the previous glucose sensors relied on enzymes to electrocatalyze the oxidation of glucose [ 31 ].…”

Glycated Hemoglobin and Methods for Its Point of Care Testing

“…It is expected that biosensors and hand-held bioassays will be cheaper that the standard instrumental methods, will be applicable without expensive measuring or sample-processing devices and will require neither elaborative sample or reagents processing nor demands on staff training or education. Currently, there are methods and biosensors available for the rapid detection of glucose and glycemia level determination, and these devices exert good analytical parameters, simplicity and low costs, and noninvasive methods for measuring glucose have even been developed [ 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 ]. Though the methods for measuring glucose are promising and many of them are currently available in the market, they have limitations in the interpretation of glucose level, as discussed in the previous chapter.…”