A critical appraisal of an UK county waste minimisation programme: The requirement for regional facilitated development of industrial symbiosis/ecology

The dynamics of industrial symbiosis: a proposal for a conceptual framework based upon a comprehensive literature review

“…The Chinese policy on circular economy is one of the central factors of influence on Chinese industrial symbiosis development (Geng and Doberstein, 2008;Geng et al, , 2009Yuan et al, 2006). In the United Kingdom the influence of public policies is also evident, as a result of the NISP and policy waste management (Mirata, 2004;Phillips et al, 2006), but there it acts more as a facilitator, funding the activities of NISP. Van Beers et al (2009) argue that the Australian legislative framework poses special challenges for industrial symbiosis developments in Australia.…”

Governing the Interplay between Industrial Ecosystems and Environmental Regulation

“…In policy terms, our article contributes to the ongoing debate on the applicability of EU and national waste legislation to waste reuse (Costa et al 2010, Phillips et al 2006). We argue that there are significant possibilities for achieving the EU's “end‐of‐waste” goals in industrial symbiosis.…”

Factors affecting resource use optimisation of the chemical industry in the Northern Ostrobothnia region of Finland

“…A limited example of Industrial Symbiosis can be found in the Oulu region; a chemical company uses a by-product from the neighbouring chemical pulp company and returns their combustible wastes, which provide energy to the pulp mill. As pointed out by Phillips et al [22], there is a need for Governmental support for the development of a programme such as the National Industrial Symbiosis Programme (NISP), in the UK [34], to help remove legislative barriers and facilitate inter company agreements.…”

“…Green chemistry is applied in the manufacturing process while waste prevention, resource use optimisation and eco-efficiency are applied at the firm level. Industrial Ecology reaches beyond the industrial facility and includes connections between firms aiming at Industrial Symbiosis [21,22]. However, the application of approaches such as Industrial Ecology might have legislative restrictions due to the hazardous nature of the raw material and waste generated; such as the case of waste exchange between companies [16].…”