“…Among all the types of devices, smartphones have become an effective tool for obtaining information about a wide range of activities (e.g., reading news, navigating, and shopping online; Smith, 2015) and attenuated the negative impacts of social distancing (David & Roberts, 2021). In the hospitality and tourism industries, mobile apps also play an important role in facilitating tourists to plan travel itineraries, make decisions on purchases and dining at new places, communicate in real-time, and share their experiences online (Brennan, 2020; Jamal & Habib, 2020; Kim et al, 2021). As the vaccination rate increased during the pandemic, the number of app downloads related to travel and hospitality (e.g., airline, homestay, hotel, etc.)…”