In this paper, we review the emerging challenges and research opportunities for voltage control in smart grids. For transmission grids, the voltage control for accommodating wind and solar power, fault-induced delayed voltage recovery (FIDVR), and measurement-based Thévenin equivalent for voltage stability analysis are reviewed. For distribution grids, the impact of high penetration of distributed energy resources (DER) is analyzed, typical control strategies are reviewed, and the challenges for local inverter Volt-Var control is discussed. In addition, the motivation, state-of-art, and future directions of the coordination of transmission system operators (TSO) and distribution system operators (DSO) are also thoroughly discussed.
In this paper, we review the emerging challenges and research opportunities for voltage control in smart grids. For transmission grids, the voltage control for accommodating wind and solar power, fault-induced delayed voltage recovery (FIDVR), and measurement-based Thévenin equivalent for voltage stability analysis are reviewed. For distribution grids, the impact of high penetration of distributed energy resources (DER) is analyzed, typical control strategies are reviewed, and the challenges for local inverter Volt-Var control is discussed. In addition, the motivation, state-of-art, and future directions of the coordination of transmission system operators (TSO) and distribution system operators (DSO) are also thoroughly discussed.
“…In the article, a secondary control strategy capable of compensating the voltage unbalance (VU) in the PCC at reference value of quality, is obtained and presented by simulations while the active and reactive powers are correctly balanced. Other control methodologies are developed in [72,73].…”
Section: Hierarchical Control: Secondary Voltage Controlmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…One of the most important causes of the VU is the connection of unbalanced loads (single-phase loads between two phases or between phase and neutral). The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) recommends the 2% limit for VU or voltage unbalance factor (VUF) in electrical systems [72,73,74]. IEC 61000-2-5 proposes two grades: Grade 1) VUF* 2% and Grade 2) VUF* 3%; IEC 61000-2-12 VUF* 2%.…”
Section: Hierarchical Control: Secondary Voltage Controlmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) recommends the 2% limit for VU or voltage unbalance factor (VUF) in electrical systems [ 72 , 73 , 74 ]. IEC 61000-2-5 proposes two grades: Grade 1) VUF∗ ≤ 2% and Grade 2) VUF∗ ≤ 3%; IEC 61000-2-12 VUF∗ ≤ 2%.…”
Section: Control Strategies In Microgridmentioning
Microgrids (MG) treat local energy supply issues effectively and from a point of view of the distribution grid, may be a power supply or virtual load. Despite holding a myriad of benefits, MGs also bear a set of challenges, including a higher fault rate. Currently, many articles focus on control techniques; however, little has been written about the techniques of control, hierarchical control, and fault-tolerant control (FTC) applied to MGs, which is the motive of this bibliographic revision on control systems. A brief comparison of the different approaches in the field of present-day research is carried out primarily addressing hierarchical control and fault tolerance. The objective of this investigation is to attract the interest of researchers to the field of control and fault tolerance applied to MGs, such as: modeling, testbed, benchmark systems, control and hierarchical control strategies, fault diagnosis and FTC.
“…In DR, the control of electricity management is at the supplier's end where the supplier proposes a scheme for energy consumption and the consumers respond to the proposed scheme. On the other hand, in DSM, the consumers manage their energy consumption by devising DSM schemes and implementing it at the consumers' side …”
Summary
Peak power consumption is one of the most critical issues for power system operation and sustainability. To overcome this issue, the available energy resources may be utilized in an efficient way. Demand‐side management (DSM) may be used for the efficient utilization of the available resources to reduce the peak power consumption by rescheduling the shiftable appliances. Apart from this, a number of other objectives are also achieved by DSM. In the literature, DSM is used to reduce the electricity cost, curtail peak hour's demand, diminish peak‐to‐average power ratio, and minimize the distribution losses. To the best knowledge of the authors, none of the research articles has considered all the mentioned objectives in a single model. To fill this research gap, we propose a unified DSM model where we focus to get the abovementioned objectives of DSM in a single framework. This unified DSM framework also gives liberty to the power system administration for the operation of the system with exchange policies of government and the company itself. While getting the abovementioned objectives, our proposed unified model can take care of a number of DSM features including importance of heterogeneous load, load shedding, human interaction factor, peak clipping, valley filling, load shifting, appliances priorities, and consumer preferences.
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