A contribution to the problem of trihalomethane formation from the Arabian Gulf water

Din, A.M. Shams El; Arain, Rasheed A.; Hammoud, Alaa

doi:10.1016/0011-9164(91)85143-i

Cited by 31 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 8 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…13,14 Numerous studies have found that chlorination of these waters can lead to the formation of various DBPs such as trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs), halophenols, and nitrogen-based halogenated DBPs. [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17] In recent years, the disinfection of ballast waters on board ocean-going ships has emerged as an important application where saline waters are disinfected. Disinfection of such waters is being considered since it has been well known for decades that ballast waters can actively transport invasive species which can cause human and ecological harm.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Formation of disinfection by-products during ballast water treatment with ozone, chlorine, and peracetic acid: influence of water quality parameters

Shah

Liu

Salhi

et al. 2015

Environ. Sci.: Water Res. Technol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Formation of disinfection by-products during ballast water treatment with ozone, chlorine, and peracetic acid: influence of water quality parameters

Shah

Liu

Salhi

et al. 2015

Environ. Sci.: Water Res. Technol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Kinetics of Halogenated Disinfection By‐Products Formation in Chlorinated Seawater

Elsaid¹,

Batchelor²,

Abdel‐Wahab³

2019

Encyclopedia of Water

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The use of seawater as a source for potable water supply after desalination, and in once‐through industrial cooling is a common practice in many parts of the world that have limited fresh‐water resources. A disinfectant (commonly chlorine) is added to the seawater to control biofouling in desalination or cooling systems. The added chlorine reacts with bromide and other compounds present in seawater to produce a wide range of chemical oxidants. Regrettably, reactions between the residual oxidants and natural organic matter present in seawater lead to the formation of halogenated organic compounds that have detrimental effects on human health and the environment. Of particular note is the fact that brominated forms of disinfectants are more effective in producing halogenated organic by‐products than chlorinated forms. In this article, the kinetics of residual oxidants decay and formation of halogenated disinfection by‐products (DBPs) in seawater is discussed and explained in detail. A kinetic model is developed, which includes rate constants for all base reactions and stoichiometric coefficients for all halogenated (DBPs) formed by these base reactions. The model is calibrated using experimental results to obtain the different kinetic rate coefficients.

show abstract

Arabian killifish (Aphanius dispar) embryos: A model organism for the risk assessment of the Arabian Gulf coastal waters

Saeed

Al-Naema

Butler

et al. 2015

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Fish embryos are excellent models for studies aimed at understanding toxic mechanisms and indications of possible acute and chronic effects. For the past 3 yr, an Arabian killifish (Aphanius dispar) fish embryo test has been developed in the authors' laboratory as a routine ecotoxicological test that can be used to support risk assessment of potential contaminants in Arabian Gulf coastal waters. Tests were conducted with 3 reference toxicants (3,4-dichloroaniline [DCA], sodium dodecyl sulfate, and zinc sulfate [Zn]) and chlorine, a disinfectant used widely in industrial cooling systems around the Arabian Gulf region. The 50% effect concentration (EC50) for DCA was 0.47 mg/L and 1.89 mg/L for embryos exposed before 6 hpf and after 168 hpf, respectively. Sublethal effects were mainly observed at concentrations above 2.5 mg/L, the effects included severe pericardial edema and tail shortage. The sodium dodecyl sulfate ionic surfactant caused mortality at both early and late stages of embryo development; it caused coagulation, severe deformity, and hemolysis. Both the EC50 and the 50% lethal concentration (LC50) for sodium dodecyl sulfate were 9.37 mg/L. Salinity influenced the toxicity of Zn to killifish embryos: at 40 psu Zn was found not to be toxic, whereas at 20 psu toxicity had increased significantly (p < 0.05). Values of EC50 and LC50 were 2.5 mg/L and 4 mg/L, respectively. Concentrations above 15 mg/L in embryos were often accompanied by upper abdominal edema and inhibition of growth, especially evident in the tail. Chlorine caused mortality at a lower concentration; for example, at 0.05 mg/L 33% of embryos were found dead at the end of the experiment. The LC50 for chlorine was determined to be 0.08 mg/L. Examination of the existing literature showed similar results to the present study's findings. The results suggest a more comparable sensitivity of killifish embryos to that of other fish embryo test recommended species. The present study's findings support the ability of killifish to be an indicator organism for environmental risk assessments of Arabian Gulf waters. Benefits include sensitivity to a wide range of substances and conditions, animal alternative, ease of fish breeding, and clarity of the embryos.

show abstract

A contribution to the problem of trihalomethane formation from the Arabian Gulf water

Cited by 31 publications

References 8 publications

Formation of disinfection by-products during ballast water treatment with ozone, chlorine, and peracetic acid: influence of water quality parameters

Formation of disinfection by-products during ballast water treatment with ozone, chlorine, and peracetic acid: influence of water quality parameters

Kinetics of Halogenated Disinfection By‐Products Formation in Chlorinated Seawater

Arabian killifish (Aphanius dispar) embryos: A model organism for the risk assessment of the Arabian Gulf coastal waters

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About