Formation of disinfection by-products during ballast water treatment with ozone, chlorine, and peracetic acid: influence of water quality parameters

Shah, Ayesha; Liu, Zheng-Qian; Salhi, Elisabeth; Hofer, Thomas Franz; Werschkun, Barbara; Gunten, Urs von

doi:10.1039/c5ew00061k

Cited by 64 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…in sea or brackish water was able to form CHBr 3 (up to 920 µg/L) and CHBr 2 Cl (up to 110 µg/L), whereas no formation of CHCl 3 or CHBrCl 2 was observed [205]. This is due to the much lower rate constant for the PAA reaction with chloride compared to the reaction with bromide [205].…”

Section: Ch 3 Coooh + Ch 3 Oh → Ch 3 Cooh + Hcho + H O(14) Ch 3 Cooohmentioning

confidence: 67%

“…However, only very modest or undetectable amounts of chlorinated and brominated DBPs (e.g., chlorophenols, bromophenols, or total trihalomethanes) have been observed with PAA under typical fresh water or wastewater disinfection conditions [120,127,169,170,201]. No formation of bromate (BrO 3 -) was detected in surface or reclaimed water [169] or in saline water [205]. However, it has been found that an increase in the PAA or halogenide concentration promotes the formation of halogenated DBPs [204].…”

Section: Ch 3 Coooh + Ch 3 Oh → Ch 3 Cooh + Hcho + H O(14) Ch 3 Cooohmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…This is due to the much lower rate constant for the PAA reaction with chloride compared to the reaction with bromide [205]. PAA molar ratio minimizes the formation of halogenated DBPs in these water treatment cases PAA indicated that no or only a slight formation of AOX took place after disinfection [119,120].…”

Section: Ch 3 Coooh + Ch 3 Oh → Ch 3 Cooh + Hcho + H O(14) Ch 3 Cooohmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…However, it has been found that an increase in the PAA or halogenide concentration promotes the formation of halogenated DBPs [204]. This could be encountered in the disinfection of saline ballast water, for instance [205]. PAA (150 mg/L, contact time of 5 days)…”

Section: Ch 3 Coooh + Ch 3 Oh → Ch 3 Cooh + Hcho + H O(14) Ch 3 Cooohmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Peracids in water treatment: A critical review

Luukkonen

Pehkonen

2016

Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology

256

122

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Peracids have gained interest in the water treatment over the last few decades. Peracetic acid (CH 3 CO 3 H) has already become an accepted alternative disinfectant in wastewater disinfection whereas performic acid (CHO 3 H) has been studied much less, although it is also already commercially available. Peracids have also been tested for drinking water disinfection, oxidation of aqueous (micro)pollutants, sludge treatment and ballast water treatment, to name just a few examples. The purpose of this review paper is to represent comprehensive up-to-date information about the water treatment applications, aqueous reaction mechanisms, and disinfection byproduct formation of peracids, namely performic, peracetic and perpropionic acids. and PFA have several of the qualities of an ideal disinfectant: toxicity to microorganisms, but not to higher forms of life; effectivity at ambient temperatures; stability and long shelf-life; low corrosivity; deodorizing ability; widespread availability and reasonable cost [12].PAA and PFA are colorless liquids with characteristic pungent odors. Both are thermodynamically unstable and can decompose spontaneously or explode when highly concentrated, heated, under mechanical stress or exposed to catalytic effects of impurities [1,13,14]. The recommended storage temperatures are below 30 and 20°C for PAA and PFA, respectively [6,14]. Longer carbon chain length increases stability, and thus PAA is more stable than PFA [1]. However, the O-O bond dissociation energy of PFA and PAA has been calculated to be similar: 48 kcal/mol [15]. Percarboxylic acids have typically pK a values 3-4 units higher than the parent carboxylic acids [1]. Nonetheless, PFA and PAA are corrosive [16]. ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 3Exposure to PAA and PFA causes irritation and possibly permanent damage to the skin (cutaneous emphysema), eyes and the respiratory system. In the skin contact, 0.2% is proposed as the no-observed-effect concentration (NOEC) for short and medium length exposure [17].When inhaled, airborne concentrations less than 0.16-0.17 ppm (0.50-0.52 mg/m 3 ) are considered to cause no irritation [17,18]. However, higher concentrations are harmful and a case study suggested that PAA could cause occupational asthma [19].The largest users of PAA on a global scale (estimated in 2013) are shown in Fig. 1. Similar numbers are not available for PFA, but it is probably used at significantly lower quantities.The largest user, the food industry, applies PAA as a disinfectant in fresh produce washing water, clean-in-place (CIP) processes, on food processing equipment, and in pasteurizers, to name just a few examples [21,22]. PFA is also a suitable disinfectant in low-temperature refrigerated food processing and storage rooms [23]. In healthcare, PAA is used for instance in Recently, methods to determine the residual PAA from wastewater were compared: the spectrophotometric method using DPD and catalase was recommended for 0.1-0.5 mg/L PAA concentrations and the cerimetric/iodometric titration...

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Section: Ch 3 Coooh + Ch 3 Oh → Ch 3 Cooh + Hcho + H O(14) Ch 3 Cooohmentioning

confidence: 67%

Section: Ch 3 Coooh + Ch 3 Oh → Ch 3 Cooh + Hcho + H O(14) Ch 3 Cooohmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Ch 3 Coooh + Ch 3 Oh → Ch 3 Cooh + Hcho + H O(14) Ch 3 Cooohmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Ch 3 Coooh + Ch 3 Oh → Ch 3 Cooh + Hcho + H O(14) Ch 3 Cooohmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Peracids in water treatment: A critical review

Luukkonen

Pehkonen

2016

Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology

256

122

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“…Chemical BWTSs that apply oxidative treatment have been shown to produce a variety of so-called disinfection by-products (DBPs) including trihalomethanes, halogenated acetic acids and bromate (Delacroix et al, 2013;Werschkun et al, 2014;Shah et al, 2015). The generally proposed mechanism for generating DBPs is the reaction of oxidants such as chlorine and ozone with organic and inorganic substances, such as bromide (Br-) and iodide (I-), in the water via the formation of hypobromous (HOBr) and hypoiodous (HOI) acid.…”

Section: Ballast Water Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simulating the spread of disinfection by-products and anthropogenic bromoform emissions from ballast water discharge in Southeast Asia

et al. 2019

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Abstract. Ballast water treatment is required for vessels to prevent the introduction of potentially invasive neobiota. Some treatment methods use chemical disinfectants which produce a variety of halogenated compounds as disinfection by-products (DBPs). One of the most abundant DBPs from oxidative ballast water treatment is bromoform (CHBr3), for which we find an average concentration of 894±560 nmol L−1 (226±142 µg L−1) in the undiluted ballast water from measurements and the literature. Bromoform is a relevant gas for atmospheric chemistry and ozone depletion, especially in the tropics where entrainment into the stratosphere is possible. The spread of DBPs in the tropics over months to years is assessed here for the first time. With Lagrangian trajectories based on the NEMO-ORCA12 model velocity field, we simulate DBP spread in the sea surface and quantify the oceanic bromoform concentration and emissions to the atmosphere from ballast water discharge at major harbours in the tropical region of Southeast Asia. The exemplary simulations of two important regions, Singapore and the Pearl River Delta, reveal major transport pathways of DBPs and anthropogenic bromoform concentrations in the sea surface. Based on our simulations, we expect DBPs to spread into the open ocean, along the coast and through advection with monsoon-driven currents into the North Pacific and Indian Ocean. Furthermore, anthropogenic bromoform concentrations and emissions are predicted to increase locally around large harbours. In the sea surface around Singapore, we estimate an increase in bromoform concentration by 9 % compared to recent measurements. In a moderate scenario in which 70 % of the ballast water is chemically treated, bromoform emissions to the atmosphere can locally exceed 1000 pmol m−2 h−1 and double climatological emissions. In the Pearl River Delta all bromoform is directly outgassed, which leads to an additional bromine (Br) input into the atmosphere of 495 kmol Br a−1 (∼42 t CHBr3). For Singapore ports the additional atmospheric Br input is calculated as 312 kmol Br a−1 (∼ 26 t CHBr3). We estimate a global anthropogenic Br input from ballast water into the atmosphere of up to 13 Mmol a−1. This is 0.1 % of global Br input from background bromoform emissions and thus not relevant for stratospheric ozone depletion.

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Ballast Water Discharges and Safety Aspects of Using Active Substances for Ballast Water Treatment

Linders,

Dock,

Werschkun

2024

Invading Nature - Springer Series in Invasion Ecology

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Formation of disinfection by-products during ballast water treatment with ozone, chlorine, and peracetic acid: influence of water quality parameters

Abstract: Differences in water quality from freshwater to seawater alter disinfection by-product formation during disinfection of ballast waters.

Cited by 64 publications

References 45 publications

Peracids in water treatment: A critical review

Peracids in water treatment: A critical review

Simulating the spread of disinfection by-products and anthropogenic bromoform emissions from ballast water discharge in Southeast Asia

Ballast Water Discharges and Safety Aspects of Using Active Substances for Ballast Water Treatment

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