“…As the life stages of residents can influence their place attachment (Bailey, Kearns and Livingston, 2012;Hidalgo and Hernandez, 2001;Kasarda and Janowitz, 1974;Lewicka, 2010;Pretty et al, 2003;Woolever, 1992), we employed age and squared age (age 2 ) to control this curvilinear effect. Also gender (Hidalgo and Hernandez, 2001;Mesch and Manor, 1998), marital status (Brown, Perkins, and Brown, 2004), and having dependent children (Hay, 1998;Logan and Spitze, 1994) each influence place attachment; thus we included three binary measures: female, married, and dependent children.…”