A consideration of race and sex in relation to the growth and development of infants

Jenss, Rachel M.; Christie, Amos; Dunham, Ethel C.

doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(39)80205-0

Cited by 47 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Hess and Weinstock (1925) first reported more rapid development of secondary bone centres in term Negro newborn infants as well as a relation to sex in a radiographical study of carpal bones. The same relatively advanced development in the Negro was reported by Dunham, Jenss, and Christie (1939) in a study of the cuboid bones. Other ethnic variables have also been suggested from Malaysia with increasingly advanced secondary ossification in Chinese, Malays, Indians, and Caucasians, respectively (Chan and Khoo, 1965;Chan, Ang, and Soo, 1972).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Factors influencing development of secondary ossification centres in the fetus and newborn: A postmortem radiological study

Pryse‐Davies¹,

Smitham²,

Napier³

1974

Archives of Disease in Childhood

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Factors influencing development of secondary ossification centres in the fetus and newborn: A postmortem radiological study

Pryse‐Davies¹,

Smitham²,

Napier³

1974

Archives of Disease in Childhood

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“…There is abundant evidence that after birth the female is more advanced than the male in terms of ossification (Menees and Holly, 1932;Dunham et al, 1939;Christie et al, 1941). Pryor (1906Pryor ( , 1923Pryor ( , 1933) demonstrated that this difference may extend int0 late fetai life and concluded that the difference is progressive and evident even before the external differentiation of sex can be made.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A radiographic study of the longitudinal growth of primary ossification centers in limb long bones of the human fetus

1982

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This paper describes an extensive study of the growth of ossification centers in limb long bones of the human fetus from 8 to 26 weeks of conceptual age. Longitudinal measurements were made of the femur, tibia, fibula, humerus, radius, and ulna. Comparisons were made between bones on the left and right sides of the body and between the sexes. Standards are presented for the growth of these centers. They compare well with previous studies, any differences being accounted for by different methods of aging and measurement. A complicated picture of growth of the two sides of the fetal body is presented. Growth of the humerus, tibia, and fibula appears to be dominant on the left side of the body while growth in the femur is dominant on the right. At present, no explanation is available, but it is possible that factors such as manual dominance may be related. Evidence also is presented which suggests that the female fetus is in advance of the male in terms of ossification but only ater 21 weeks gestation.

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“…These findings were confirmed by several: Kelly & Reynolds (1947) in an X-ray study of white and Negro infants of comparable low socioeconomic background found differences in the percentage of wrist area ossified which held for all age levels during the first year. Christie and his associates (Dunham, Jenss & Christie, 1939;Christie, Dunham, Jenss & Dipple, 1941;Christie, 1949) demonstrated that the cuboid centre was detectable more frequently in Negro than in white babies of the same sex and of the same birth weight, and that in general Negro infants had a greater prevalence of any one of a number of ossification centres of the upper and lower extremities. Eastman (1947) interpreted the activity at ossification centres as indicating that Negro babies mature at a lower birth weight than white babies, the difference being about 150 g. Again there may be some environmental influence, since e.g.…”

Section: Skeletal Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Race, genetics and growth

Roberts

1969

J. Biosoc. Sci.

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Much of our understanding of the biological differences between races has come with the development of human genetics. Surveys have established the frequencies of genetic characters known to be under the control of single genes and independent of environmental modification; comparisons of these frequencies in different populations have led to the resolution of many of the earlier outstanding problems of affinities between races and, with the support of experimental and associated investigations, to the identification and measurement of the processes that have given rise to race formation. With this information we can begin to appreciate the extent to which apparent differences are due to racial heritage and to environmental influences.

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A consideration of race and sex in relation to the growth and development of infants

Cited by 47 publications

References 3 publications

Factors influencing development of secondary ossification centres in the fetus and newborn: A postmortem radiological study

Factors influencing development of secondary ossification centres in the fetus and newborn: A postmortem radiological study

A radiographic study of the longitudinal growth of primary ossification centers in limb long bones of the human fetus

Race, genetics and growth

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