A Consideration of Breast Imagery in Art as Depicted through Western Painting

Hwang, Kun; Park, Ju Yong; Hwang, Seongpil

doi:10.5999/aps.2015.42.2.226

Cited by 8 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…When these aesthetic proportions are respected with proper measurements, perceived beauty is enhanced and optimal aesthetics are achieved. 17 , 18 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphometric Analysis of Gender-affirming Breast Augmentation

Song

Parmeshwar

Steiner

et al. 2022

Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery - Global Open

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Background: According to cisgender respondents, the “preferred” feminine breast has a 45:55 upper-to-lower pole ratio. Preferred breast ratios have not been evaluated for transgender women undergoing breast augmentation. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the preferred breast ratio according to the transgender population and, thus, better inform surgeon planning. Methods: Patients diagnosed with gender dysphoria were sent a survey with morphed breast images of four different upper-to-lower pole ratios: 35:65, 45:55, 50:50, and 55:45. Respondents ranked the images according to aesthetic preference. Rankings were analyzed by the Condorcet method. Results: 298 survey responses were analyzed: 197 (66.1%) respondents identified as transgender women and 31 (10.4%) as transgender men. Most respondents were younger than 40 (64.8%). Eighty-one (27.2%) had undergone breast augmentation, 136 (45.6%) had not and were not considering it, and 81 (27.2%) had not but were considering it. Across all subgroups, the most preferred ratio was 45:55 (P = 0.046). Those with more masculine genders and assigned female at birth preferred the 45:55 and 50:50 ratios equally. Those in their 30's and younger preferred the 45:55 and 50:50 ratios equally. Conclusions: The 45:55 ratio, established as the most preferred morphometrics for breast augmentation by cisgender respondents, is also the most aesthetically preferred proportion among transgender patients. Interestingly, the 50:50 ratio, which projects a larger upper bust compared to the 45:55 ratio, may be equally or more appealing to younger patients and those with more masculine genders. We hope these results improve patient-physician shared decision-making and postoperative expectations.

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“…When these aesthetic proportions are respected with proper measurements, perceived beauty is enhanced and optimal aesthetics are achieved. 17 , 18 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphometric Analysis of Gender-affirming Breast Augmentation

Song

Parmeshwar

Steiner

et al. 2022

Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery - Global Open

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“…On the other hand, the xiphoid, located at the center of the thorax, could technically be used for registra-Fig. 2 A brief overview of common landmarks and key anatomical structures of the female breast and thorax (illustration adapted from [30]) tion. However, it cannot be reliably and consistently located across a wide range of differently shaped breasts because of its dorsal tilt, effectively hindering the identification of a unique point.…”

Section: Challengesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Learning the shape of female breasts: an open-access 3D statistical shape model of the female breast built from 110 breast scans

et al. 2022

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We present the Regensburg Breast Shape Model (RBSM)—a 3D statistical shape model of the female breast built from 110 breast scans acquired in a standing position, and the first publicly available. Together with the model, a fully automated, pairwise surface registration pipeline used to establish dense correspondence among 3D breast scans is introduced. Our method is computationally efficient and requires only four landmarks to guide the registration process. A major challenge when modeling female breasts from surface-only 3D breast scans is the non-separability of breast and thorax. In order to weaken the strong coupling between breast and surrounding areas, we propose to minimize the variance outside the breast region as much as possible. To achieve this goal, a novel concept called breast probability masks (BPMs) is introduced. A BPM assigns probabilities to each point of a 3D breast scan, telling how likely it is that a particular point belongs to the breast area. During registration, we use BPMs to align the template to the target as accurately as possible inside the breast region and only roughly outside. This simple yet effective strategy significantly reduces the unwanted variance outside the breast region, leading to better statistical shape models in which breast shapes are quite well decoupled from the thorax. The RBSM is thus able to produce a variety of different breast shapes as independently as possible from the shape of the thorax. Our systematic experimental evaluation reveals a generalization ability of 0.17 mm and a specificity of 2.8 mm. To underline the expressiveness of the proposed model, we finally demonstrate in two showcase applications how the RBSM can be used for surgical outcome simulation and the prediction of a missing breast from the remaining one. Our model is available at https://www.rbsm.re-mic.de/.

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“…A brief overview of common landmarks and key anatomical structures of the female breast and thorax. The illustration was adapted from Hwang et al (2015).…”

Section: Challengesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Learning the shape of female breasts: an open-access 3D statistical shape model of the female breast built from 110 breast scans

Weiherer,

Eigenberger,

Egger

et al. 2021

Preprint

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We present the Regensburg Breast Shape Model (RBSM) -a 3D statistical shape model of the female breast built from 110 breast scans, and the first ever publicly available. Together with the model, a fully automated, pairwise surface registration pipeline used to establish correspondence among 3D breast scans is introduced. Our method is computationally efficient and requires only four landmarks to guide the registration process. In order to weaken the strong coupling between breast and thorax, we propose to minimize the variance outside the breast region as much as possible. To achieve this goal, a novel concept called breast probability masks (BPMs) is introduced. A BPM assigns probabilities to each point of a 3D breast scan, telling how likely it is that a particular point belongs to the breast area. During registration, we use BPMs to align the template to the target as accurately as possible inside the breast region and only roughly outside. This simple yet effective strategy significantly reduces the unwanted variance outside the breast region, leading to better statistical shape models in which breast shapes are quite well decoupled from the thorax. The RBSM is thus able to produce a variety of different breast shapes as independently as possible from the shape of the thorax. Our systematic experimental evaluation reveals a generalization ability of 0.17 mm and a specificity of 2.8 mm for the RBSM. Ultimately, our model is seen as a first step towards combining physically motivated deformable models of the breast and statistical approaches in order to enable more realistic surgical outcome simulation.

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A Consideration of Breast Imagery in Art as Depicted through Western Painting

Cited by 8 publications

References 5 publications

Morphometric Analysis of Gender-affirming Breast Augmentation

Morphometric Analysis of Gender-affirming Breast Augmentation

Learning the shape of female breasts: an open-access 3D statistical shape model of the female breast built from 110 breast scans

Learning the shape of female breasts: an open-access 3D statistical shape model of the female breast built from 110 breast scans

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