A Connectomic Atlas of the Human Cerebrum—Chapter 3: The Motor, Premotor, and Sensory Cortices

Baker, Cordell M; Burks, Joshua D.; Briggs, Robert G.; Sheets, John R.; Conner, Andrew K.; Glenn, Chad A.; Sali, Goksel; McCoy, Tressie M; Battiste, James; O’Donoghue, Daniel L.; Sughrue, Michael E.

doi:10.1093/ons/opy256

Cited by 29 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…In addition, the original structural connectivity data presented also support a strong connectivity of the MFG with the adjacent cortical gyri (IFG and SFG), likely mediated via U-fiber short association fibers. These findings are similar to those of other connectivity studies reported in the literature ( 7 , 8 ). In this context, the interaction with the FEF in the anterior/middle frontal gyrus raises the possibility of a potential integration of visual recognition processes with speech production ( 51 ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…A particularly interesting region is the frontal area 55b. Initially noted by Hopf in 1956 ( 4 ), this area is located at the posterior aspect of the middle frontal gyrus (MFG) and is delimited by the frontal eye field (FEF) superiorly, the premotor eye field (PEF) inferiorly, the primary motor cortex and the ventral motor cortex posteriorly, and by the prefrontal areas anteriorly ( 7 , 8 ). Area 55b appears to be lightly myelinated and lies between moderately myelinated areas (i.e., FEF above and PEF below) and anteriorly to heavily myelinated areas (i.e., primary motor cortex).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Middle Frontal Gyrus and Area 55b: Perioperative Mapping and Language Outcomes

et al. 2021

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Background: The simplistic approaches to language circuits are continuously challenged by new findings in brain structure and connectivity. The posterior middle frontal gyrus and area 55b (pFMG/area55b), in particular, has gained a renewed interest in the overall language network.Methods: This is a retrospective single-center cohort study of patients who have undergone awake craniotomy for tumor resection. Navigated transcranial magnetic simulation (nTMS), tractography, and intraoperative findings were correlated with language outcomes.Results: Sixty-five awake craniotomies were performed between 2012 and 2020, and 24 patients were included. nTMS elicited 42 positive responses, 76.2% in the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), and hesitation was the most common error (71.4%). In the pMFG/area55b, there were seven positive errors (five hesitations and two phonemic errors). This area had the highest positive predictive value (43.0%), negative predictive value (98.3%), sensitivity (50.0%), and specificity (99.0%) among all the frontal gyri. Intraoperatively, there were 33 cortical positive responses—two (6.0%) in the superior frontal gyrus (SFG), 15 (45.5%) in the MFG, and 16 (48.5%) in the IFG. A total of 29 subcortical positive responses were elicited−21 in the deep IFG–MFG gyri and eight in the deep SFG–MFG gyri. The most common errors identified were speech arrest at the cortical level (20 responses−13 in the IFG and seven in the MFG) and anomia at the subcortical level (nine patients—eight in the deep IFG–MFG and one in the deep MFG–SFG). Moreover, 83.3% of patients had a transitory deterioration of language after surgery, mainly in the expressive component (p = 0.03). An increased number of gyri with intraoperative positive responses were related with better preoperative (p = 0.037) and worse postoperative (p = 0.029) outcomes. The involvement of the SFG–MFG subcortical area was related with worse language outcomes (p = 0.037). Positive nTMS mapping in the IFG was associated with a better preoperative language outcome (p = 0.017), relating to a better performance in the expressive component, while positive mapping in the MFG was related to a worse preoperative receptive component of language (p = 0.031).Conclusion: This case series suggests that the posterior middle frontal gyrus, including area 55b, is an important integration cortical hub for both dorsal and ventral streams of language.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Middle Frontal Gyrus and Area 55b: Perioperative Mapping and Language Outcomes

et al. 2021

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“…Instead of subdividing the SMA into the pre-SMA and SMA proper, the HCP subdivides the SMA into four parcellations: 6ma, SFL, 6mp, and SCEF; the first two parcellations are part of the terminations of the FAT. According to the HCP, from the SMA originates a medial bundle connected to the homologous contralateral SMA, a middle bundle descending to the basal ganglia and the corticospinal tract, and a lateral bundle, part of the FAT, connected to the IFG and insula ( 38 ). The HCP has also subdivided the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex into 13 areas; two of them, SFL and 8BL, are terminations of the FAT ( 28 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Frontal Aslant Tract: A Systematic Review for Neurosurgical Applications

et al. 2021

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The frontal aslant tract (FAT) is a recently identified white matter tract connecting the supplementary motor complex and lateral superior frontal gyrus to the inferior frontal gyrus. Advancements in neuroimaging and refinements to anatomical dissection techniques of the human brain white matter contributed to the recent description of the FAT anatomical and functional connectivity and its role in the pathogenesis of several neurological, psychiatric, and neurosurgical disorders. Through the application of diffusion tractography and intraoperative electrical brain stimulation, the FAT was shown to have a role in speech and language functions (verbal fluency, initiation and inhibition of speech, sentence production, and lexical decision), working memory, visual–motor activities, orofacial movements, social community tasks, attention, and music processing. Microstructural alterations of the FAT have also been associated with neurological disorders, such as primary progressive aphasia, post-stroke aphasia, stuttering, Foix–Chavany–Marie syndrome, social communication deficit in autism spectrum disorders, and attention–deficit hyperactivity disorder. We provide a systematic review of the current literature about the FAT anatomical connectivity and functional roles. Specifically, the aim of the present study relies on providing an overview for practical neurosurgical applications for the pre-operative, intra-operative, and post-operative assessment of patients with brain tumors located around and within the FAT. Moreover, some useful tests are suggested for the neurosurgical evaluation of FAT integrity to plan a safer surgery and to reduce post-operative deficits.

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“…Compared to that in TD children, children with ADHD−PAE had lower LGI extending into the left medial temporal cortex, similar to the findings of Mous et al (2014) , as well as in additional regions, overlapping those reported in Wolosin et al (2009) . These additional regions comprised areas of somatosensory and visuomotor integration (5 m; mirror system, PF) and default mode network regions (lateral, TPOJ, IP2; posterior, 31pd; and anterior, 32, 9 m) ( Baker et al, 2018a , c , d ). Most of these regions also showed altered LGI in the ADHD + PAE group.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cortical gyrification in children with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder and prenatal alcohol exposure

Kilpatrick

Joshi

O’Neill

et al. 2021

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

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Background: An improved understanding of the neurodevelopmental differences between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with and without prenatal alcohol exposure (ADHD + PAE and ADHD−PAE, respectively) is needed. Herein, we evaluated gyrification (cortical folding) in children with ADHD + PAE compared to that in children with familial ADHD−PAE and typically developing (TD) children. Methods: ADHD + PAE (n = 37), ADHD−PAE (n = 25), and TD children (n = 27), aged 8–13 years, were compared on facial morphological, neurobehavioral, and neuroimaging assessments. Local gyrification index (LGI) maps were compared between groups using general linear modelling. Relationships between LGI and clincobehavioral parameters in children with ADHD ± PAE were evaluated using multivariate partial least squares. Results: ADHD + PAE and ADHD−PAE groups showed significantly lower LGI (relative to TD) in numerous regions, overlapping in medial prefrontal, parietal, and temporo-occipital cortices (p < 0.001). However, LGI in left mid-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex was uniquely lower in the ADHD + PAE group (p < 0.001). Partial least squares analysis identified one significant latent variable (accounting for 59.3 % of the crossblock correlation, p < 0.001), reflecting a significant relationship between a profile of lower LGI in prefrontal (including left mid-dorsolateral), insular, cingulate, temporal, and parietal cortices and a clinicobehavioral profile of PAE, including a flat philtrum and upper vermillion border, lower IQ, poorer behavioral regulation scores, and greater hyperactivity/impulsivity. Conclusions: Children with ADHD + PAE uniquely demonstrate lower mid-dorsolateral LGI, with widespread lower LGI related to more severe facial dysmorphia and neurobehavioral impairments. These findings add insight into the brain bases of PAE symptoms, potentially informing more targeted ADHD treatments based on an objective differential diagnosis of ADHD + PAE vs. ADHD−PAE.

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A Connectomic Atlas of the Human Cerebrum—Chapter 3: The Motor, Premotor, and Sensory Cortices

Cited by 29 publications

References 32 publications

Middle Frontal Gyrus and Area 55b: Perioperative Mapping and Language Outcomes

Middle Frontal Gyrus and Area 55b: Perioperative Mapping and Language Outcomes

The Frontal Aslant Tract: A Systematic Review for Neurosurgical Applications

Cortical gyrification in children with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder and prenatal alcohol exposure

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