A cone beam computed tomographic analysis of the greater palatine foramen in a cohort of Sri Lankans

Abstract

The distance of each GPF to the mid maxillary suture (MMS), Anterior Nasal Spine (ANS), relationship of the GPF to the molar teeth and diameter were measured in different orthogonal planes using measurement tools integrated to the CBCT software. Results: Mean diameter of the GPF in females and males were 3.72 mm for the right and 3.31 mm for the left and 4.56 mm and 4.30 mm. The antero-posterior distance measured from the ANS to mid GPF in axial sections among females was 45.70 mm and 44.81 mm for the right and left respectively whereas for males it was 48.37 mm and 47.6 mm. The distances in axial sections were 14.82 and 15.14 mm for right and left sides in females whereas in males it was 15.50 and 15.67 mm from the MMS. The same measurement in the coronal plane was 14.93 mm and 15.22 mm for females for the right and left GPF and was 15.63 mm and 15.49 mm in males respectively. There was a significant difference between the distance of ANS to the GPF on both sides and the diameters of GPF in both males and females (p < 0.005). Conclusion: A significant difference was seen between the mean distance from the ANS to the GPF in left and right sides and the diameter of the GPF on the sides among the genders.

Anatomy of the greater palatine foramen and canal and their clinical significance in relation to the greater palatine artery: a systematic review and meta-analysis

“…A total of 4 studies [ 5 , 27 , 40 , 59 ] ( n = 365 subjects) reported data on the distance from the greater palatine foramen to the anterior nasal spine (GPF–ANS). The pooled mean, across the four studies, was calculated to be 46.24 mm (95% CI = 44.30–48.18 mm).…”

“…A total of 38 studies [ 1 , 5 , 7 , 8 , 10 , 11 , 16 , 19 – 22 , 27 , 29 , 36 – 38 , 40 – 45 , 48 , 56 – 59 , 63 , 65 , 66 , 73 , 77 , 80 – 85 ] ( n = 5479 subjects) reported data on the distance from the greater palatine foramen to the median maxillary suture (GPF–MMS). The pooled mean, across the 38 studies, was calculated to be 15.22 mm (95% CI = 15.00–15.43 mm).…”

“…The results of the meta-analysis regarding the location of the GPF in relation to the maxillary molar teeth are presented in Table 5 . Only two studies [ 19 , 27 ] ( n = 284 subjects) reported data on the prevalence of the greater palatine foramen being located “anterior to the 2nd maxillary molar teeth”. The pooled prevalence, across the two studies, was calculated to be 3.27% (95% CI = 0.45–20.29%).…”

“…A total of 38 studies [ 1 , 2 , 5 , 7 , 8 , 10 , 11 , 19 – 22 , 27 , 28 , 31 , 36 – 39 , 41 , 43 , 45 , 49 , 52 , 53 , 55 , 57 , 58 , 61 , 63 – 65 , 68 , 74 , 77 , 79 , 81 , 82 , 85 ] ( n = 9754 subjects) reported data on the greater palatine foramen being located “opposite the 3rd maxillary molar teeth”. The pooled prevalence, across the 38 studies, was calculated to be 64.9% (95% CI = 58.7–70.7%).…”

“…The studies spanned the years 1982 to 2022 and originated from Africa, Asia, Europe, North America, and South America. Thailand Cadaveric 55 Ashwini and Jaishree [7] India Cadaveric 100 Awad et al [8] Egypt Imaging 200 Ayoub et al [9] United States Imaging 50 Badshah et al [10] Pakistan Cadaveric 85 Bahşi et al [11] Turkey Imaging 150 Beetge et al [12] South Africa Imaging 77 Cagimni et al [16] Turkey Cadaveric 120 Campbell et al [17] United States Imaging 50 Cheung et al [18] China Cadaveric 30 Chopra et al [19] India Cadaveric 100 Chrcanovic and Custódio [20] Brazil Cadaveric 80 Das et al [22] United States Imaging 100 Dave et al [23] India Cadaveric 100 D'Souza et al [21] India Cadaveric 40 Douglas and Wormald [24] Australia Cadaveric 21 Duruel et al [25] United States Imaging 131 Fonseka et al [27] Sri Lanka Imaging 50 Fu et al [28] United States Cadaveric 11 Gibelli et al [29] Italy Cadaveric 100 Hassanali and Mwaniki [31] Africa Cadaveric 125 Howard-Swirzinski et al [34] United States Imaging 500 Hwang et al [35] South Korea Imaging 50 Ikuta et al [36] Brazil Imaging 50 Ilayperuma et al [37] Sri Lanka Cadaveric 136 Jaffar and Hamadah [38] Iraq Cadaveric 50 Kaffe et al [39] Israel Imaging 58 Kang et al [40] South Korea Imaging 107 Kaur et al [41] India Cadaveric 100 Klosek and Rungruang [42] Thailand Cadaveric 41 Kumar et al [43] India Cadaveric 100 Lacerda-Santos et al [44] Brazil Imaging 60 Langenegger et al [45] South Africa Cadaveric 100 Lim et al [47] South Korea Imaging 147 Lopes et al [48] Brazil Cadaveric 94 Malamed and Trieger…”