A Concise Review of MicroRNA Exploring the Insights of MicroRNA Regulations in Bacterial, Viral and Metabolic Diseases

Abstract

MicroRNA (miRNA) is a small section of ribonucleic acid (RNA) that reduces the protein formation by making the pair of the complementary piece of mRNA. The genes of miRNA are present as transcriptional or polycistronic units in the chromosomes. The cellular multiplication, separation and existence like the multitude of genetic functions are affected by miRNA. Nearly 50% of identified miRNA are located in the residence in the intronic part of the genes. The mature miRNA is yielded in two steps. Drosha and RNA-induced silencing complex are the catalysts that play an important role in miRNA synthesis. The miRNA may function by just hindering the translation or complete vitiation of miRNA that occurs to control the genes. The microRNA antagonists and miRNA mimics are therapeutics approaches for the treatment of abnormalities. The upregulation and downregulation of miRNAs are linked to a number of diseases as miR-122 is associated with viral hepatitis, and some members of let-7 and other miRNAs are concerned with various diseases. Overexpressed miRNAs may function as both oncogenes and regulator of cellular processes. The miRNA functions can be altered by single-point mutations in miRNA target and epigenetic silencing of transcription units. There are numerous molecular targets for miRNA as degradation by nuclease and phosphodiesterase. Thus, miRNA has potential applications in disease diagnosis along with therapy, but the mechanisms involved in miRNA systems and its targeted delivery of miRNA are much more important to achieve its therapeutic applications.

Is microRNA 1910-3p (miR-1910-3p) a really distinctive marker for psoriasis?

“…As the disease progresses more severely in the patients with early-onset disease, it is likely that the mean serum IL-17A levels are likely higher in these patients. miRs usually bind to the 3'UTR region on the target mRNA, causing either the degradation of the mRNA sequence or an inhibition of its translation [5]. Previous studies have evaluated the levels of miR-1266, miR-340 and miR-197, which are thought to act via IL-17A in patients with psoriasis [12][13][14][15].…”

“…miRs, a member of the non-coding RNA group which have important regulatory roles in cell type identification and cell differentiation. Several studies have implicated miRs in the pathogenesis of psoriasis in recent years [4,5].…”

MicroRNA‑15a‑5p induces pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell apoptosis in a pulmonary arterial hypertension model via the VEGF/p38/MMP‑2 signaling pathway

“…The mature miRNA can bind with the RNA-induced silencing complex (10) and exhibits complementary binding with target mRNAs; therefore, it can inhibit or prevent their translation. Several studies have indicated that miRNAs are involved in almost all pathophysiological processes, including embryonic development, cell differentiation, angiogenesis, tumor formation and damage repair (11).…”

Human microRNAs in host–parasite interaction: a review

“…It has been reported that miRNAs participate in the regulation of nearly 60% of human protein-coding genes (Friedman et al 2009 ) and 2654 distinct human mature miRNAs available in miRbase ( https://www.mirbase.org/ ) so far supports the idea that miRNAs are involved in complex regulatory networks. Their role has been established in several pathophysiologies including cancer, autoimmune, and metabolic disorders (Garo and Murugaiyan 2016 ; Naveed et al 2017 ). However, in the past ten years, deep sequencing and miRNA microarray technology have evidenced that during the onset of pathogenic infection the host miRNAs regulate cellular responses (Bruscella et al 2017 ; Zhou et al 2018 ) resulting in signaling and physiological modifications.…”