“…Second, research into the shift from linear and closed models of innovation to the more open and user-centric models that we see in many sectors, pursued as a result of higher levels of uncertainty, has increased the costs of R&D, and shortened innovation cycles (Chesbrough, 2003(Chesbrough, , 2004Huston & Sakkab, 2007;Ojasalo, 2008;Matheus, 2009;Igartua, Garrigós & Hervas-Oliver, 2010).…”