A comprehensive study on heterogeneous single atom catalysis: Current progress, and challenges☆

Elucidation of single atom catalysts for energy and sustainable chemical production: Synthesis, characterization and frontier science

“…• A vapour phase deposition approach where metal atoms are atomically deposited in a layer-by-layer manner by exposing the substrate to the reactive precursor vapours [14,27] • The self-limiting gas surface reaction enabled precise control on the catalyst design and development [118,129] • Metal aggregation can be mitigated by lowering the ALD growth temperature [130] • Restricted by expensive operational and capital costs [127] • Weak interaction between the synthesized catalysts and substrates jeopardized the stability of the SACs [131] Surface organometallic chemistry and coordination site strategy…”

“…To retain such high atomic dispersion efficiency, strong interactions between the isolated metal atoms and the coordination sites are exerted, creating a unique tunable electronic structure. The single atom-level dispersion of metal atoms on a support is not only able to maximize the atomic efficiency by offering a greater number of active sites but at the same time generate uniform and well-engineered active sites [14]. These sites can be altered to finely tune the reactivity and selectivity of chemical reactions by manipulating coordination sites (e.g., ligand tuning) and defect designs [15].…”

Computational and Experimental Design of the Octahedral PdFe Alloy Nanocatalyst for Hiyama Cross-Coupling and Environmental Pollutant Degradation

“…9 However, the restricted availability and cost related to recovering Pd have led to the discovery of an active and cost-effective catalyst for a variety of applications. 10 Moreover, active monometallic nanostructures also play a crucial role in increasing the reactivity or efficiency due to the existence of several high-energy active centers, the number of atoms placed at the sharp ends or corners, and so forth. 11−14 Even though nanostructures have such unique characteristics, after each subsequent reaction cycle, the corners and sharp edges tend to change their morphology due to leaching and rearrangements of atoms.…”

“…Metal nanoparticles (NPs) have gained tremendous research attention due to their distinctive physical and chemical properties, which can be optimized and improved by altering their shape, size, crystal structure, composition, or surface functionality. − Noble metal NPs such as palladium (Pd) have been utilized in numerous catalytic applications, for instance, organic cross-coupling reactions, − hydrogenation/dehydrogenation, oxidation, and electrochemical applications . However, the restricted availability and cost related to recovering Pd have led to the discovery of an active and cost-effective catalyst for a variety of applications . Moreover, active monometallic nanostructures also play a crucial role in increasing the reactivity or efficiency due to the existence of several high-energy active centers, the number of atoms placed at the sharp ends or corners, and so forth. − Even though nanostructures have such unique characteristics, after each subsequent reaction cycle, the corners and sharp edges tend to change their morphology due to leaching and rearrangements of atoms.…”

Advances in Hybrid Composites for Photocatalytic Applications: A Review

“…On these bases, it is important to summarize time by time, the state-of-the-art progress in the design of a variety of semiconductor composite photocatalysts for energy and environmental applications. In recent years different review articles were focalized on photocatalysis, from base properties [ 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 ] to materials [ 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 ] and to applications.…”