A comprehensive study of the synergistic flame retardant mechanisms of halloysite in intumescent polypropylene

Properties and applications of halloysite nanotubes: recent research advances and future prospects

“…ceramic-like structure formation and mechanical reinforcement of the char) and chemical (i.e. charring promotion) processes taking place in the condensed phase (Lecouvet et al, 2013b). Some other researchers also ascribed the improvement of flame retardancy to that Hal acted as a barrier against heat and mass transport, as well as from the trapping of polymer decomposition products in the lumen (Lecouvet et al, 2013c;Liu et al, 2014).…”

Intumescence: Tradition versus novelty. A comprehensive review

“…[172] Sample A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t Table 11 Nanoparticles functionalized with intumescent components Nanoparticle Functionalized structure with IFR Reference CNT [196] ZrP [187] LDH [186] MMT [212] M a n u s c r i p t LOI=30.5%, PHRR * reduction = -75% [224] A novel organophosphorus (24wt.-%) + melamine (6wt.-%) V0 UL94 classification, LOI=31.6%, PHRR * reduction = -85% [225] APP + PPM Triazine HF (total loading of 20wt.-%) V0 UL94 classification, LOI=31%, PHRR * reduction = -91% [226] Poly(p-ethylene terephthalamide) (7.5wt.-%) + APP (22.5wt.-%) V0 UL94 classification, LOI=35% [227] Ionic liquid containing phosphorus (5wt.-%) + APP (25wt.-%) V0 UL94 classification, LOI=31.8%, PHRR * reduction = -72% [228] M a n u s c r i p t V0 UL94 classification, PHRR * reduction = -84.0% [229] M a n u s c r i p t Table 13 Novel components in PP/IFR formulation.…”

Effects of wool fibres, ammonium polyphosphate and polymer viscosity on the flammability and mechanical performance of PP/wool composites

“…However, shrinkage or damage of the intumescent occurred during the test, Fig. 9(b) and (c), due to its poor mechanical resistance and degradation of phosphor-carbonaceous under the external heat [39]. The fragile char layer caused an increase in heat and volatile gas transfer between the flame and the underlying substrate, resulting in an increase in PHRR.…”